Integumentary System Flashcards by Hannah Hardy

What is the largest organ in the body; about 15-20% of the body weight

Skin

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What is the overall primary function of the skin

To protect underlying structures from external injury and harmful substances

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List all of the functions of the skin outside of protecting underlying structures from injury

Holding organs together, sensory perception, contributing to fluid balance, controlling temperature, absorbing ultraviolet (UV) radiation, metabolizing vitamin D, and synthesizing epidermal lipids

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A primary lesion is the first lesion to appear on the skin and has a visually recognizable structure. List the types of primary lesion

Macule, papule, plaque, nodule, tumor, wheal, vesicle, pustule

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List the types of secondary lesions

Scale, crust, thickening, erosion, ulcer, scar, excoriation, fissure, atrophy

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What things affect the progression of a skin lesion to an open wound and pts ability to heal

Tobacco use, psychosocial status, and nutritional status

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List the lab values that are important in wound healing

Prealbumin (indicate nutritional status), glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit (monitor wound healing)

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Women may experience ___ after menopause

Balding

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Hyperpigmentation of the cheeks and forehead known as ___ or ___ may result from the use of birth control pills or pregnancy

Melisma or pregnancy mask

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With aging the skin undergoes structural and functional changes resulting in:

 Diminished pain perception
 Increased vulnerability to injury
 Decreased vascularity
 Weakened inflammatory response

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The decrease in blood vessels within the reticular dermis compromises blood flow inhibiting what ability in older patients

Thermoregulation

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A primary factor in the loss of protective functions of the skin is the
diminished barrier function of the ____

Stratum corneum

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With aging the skin has fewer ___ , resulting in decreased protection against UV
radiation

Melanocytes

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Aging affect on integumentary system: A reduction in ___ cells represents a loss of immune surveillance and an increased risk of skin cancer.

Langerhans

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The epidermis is one of the body’s principal suppliers of ___

Vitamin D

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Aging contributes to vitamin __ deficiency, which plays a role in bone mass and thus is linked to osteoporosis

Vitamin D

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The skin is rich in ___, ____, and DNA, all of which are extremely sensitive to the oxidation damage or process.

Lipids, proteins

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What 4 types of infections can infect the skin

Bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections

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Impetigo and cellulitis are what types of skin infections

Bacterial

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Herpes zoster and warts are what types of skin infections

Viral infections

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Ringworm (tinea corporis), athlete’s foot (tinea pedis), yeast (candidiasis) are what types of skin infections

Fungal infections

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Scabies and pediculosis (lousiness) are what types of skin infections

Parasitic infection

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What type of cancerous lesions are the following: seborrheic keratosis and Nevi (moles)

Benign lesions

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What type of cancerous lesions are the following: Actinic Keratosis and Bowen Disease

Premalignant lesions

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What type of cancerous lesions are the following: basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

Malignant nonmelanoma carcinomas

List 4 skins disorders associated with immune dysfunction

Psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, system sclerosis, polymyositis and dermatomyositis

Injuries that result from direct contact with or exposure to any thermal, chemical, electrical, or radiation source.

Burns

Depth of burn and total body surface of area involved in the burn are important in assessment of burns; what other factors are important

burn location, age of the patient, general health status, risk of infection, and presence of inhalation injury

What type of burn has little to no pain

3rd and 4th degree (subcutaneous tissue)

How long does it take for the superficial partial-thickness burn of the dermis to heal

14-21 days

How long does it take for the deep partial-thickness burn of the dermis to heal

21-28 days

What degree burn has the following appearance: large thick-walled blisters covering extensive area (vesiculation), edema, mottled red base, broken epidermis; wet, shiny, weeping surface

2nd degree

What type of burn is painful, hyperesthetic, tingling, and the pain is eased by cooling

First degree

What type of burn is painful and sensitive to cold air

2nd degree

Discomfort from a first degree burn last about ___

48 hours

Burn that is characterized by dry surface, edema, fat exposed, tissue disrupted

3rd degree

A method used by medical professionals to estimate the percentage of a burn patient's body that is affected

Wallace rule of nines

Burns that affect more than ____ % of the body's surface area usually require significant intravenous (IV) fluids

20-25%

What two methods are used to assess TBSA in burns

Wallace rule of nines; Lund and Browder Method

___ % of burn patients admitted are males

68%

___% of burns occur at home

73%

____ burns account for 75% of all burn center admissions (43% flame or fire; 34% scalding)

Thermal

What major systems are affected by burns

Cardiovascular, renal, GI, and immune

With burns the cardiovascular system is affected by vasoactive substances released from injured tissue which causes ____ in capillary permeability

Increase

What vasoactive substances are released from burned tissue causing an increase in capillary permeability

catecholamines, histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins

Extensive burns result in generalized body ___ in both burned and nonburned tissues and a decrease in circulating intravascular blood volume

Edema

Which of the following is not true of the cardiovascular system after a burn: A. Long lasting decrease in cardiac output B. Increase in heart rate due to catecholamine release and hypovolemia C. Increase in capillary permeability D. Body edema and decrease in circulating intravascular blood volume

A. Long lasting decrease in cardiac output (cardiac output initially decreases but returns to normal then increases about 24 hours after burn occurs to meet increased metabolic needs of body)

a condition that occurs when your body loses fluid, like blood or water; can result from a burn

Hypovolemia

Decreased urine output

Oliguira

The body initially responds to burns by shunting blood from the ___ and ___

Kidneys and intestines

With electrical burns, entrance wounds are ___ compared to the exit wound

Smaller

Is alternating or direct current more dangerous and often associated with cardiopulmonary arrest, ventricular fibrillation, and tetanic muscles contractions

Alternating current

Circumferential burns may produce a tourniquet-like effect and lead to ____ or total occlusion of circulation

Compartment syndrome

In most full-thickness burns the nerves endings are destroyed making it painless; as the peripheral nerves regenerate will the patient experience pain

Yes

What is the most common and life-threatening complication of burn injuries

Infections

Complications of burns due to inhalation injury that increases the risk of mortality

Respiratory failure, pneumonia, and sepsis

What are the three phases for a patient admitted with a major burn

Emergent phase, acute phase, and rehabilitative phase

Phase of burn treatment characterized by Fluid resuscitation, ventilatory management, assessment of the extent of the burn, and early wound management

Emergent phase

Phase of burn treatment characterized by:  Burn wounds management and infection prevention  Debridement and skin grafting  Physical therap

Acute phase

Phase of burn treatment characterized by: return to maximal independence and function

Rehabilitative phase

Autograft is used to treat a ___ -thickness burn and permanently close the burn injury

Full-thickness

Graft for burn injuries using pig skin

Xenografts

Burn graft consisting of a combination of collagen and synthetics

Biosynthetic grafts

Burn graft using cadaver skin

Allografts

Neuropathic ulcers may be classified using the ___; or, by the site, ischemia, neuropathy, bacterial infection, area, and depth score (SINBAD)

Wagner system

What three factors are the classic determinants of burn mortality

TBSA, age, and inhalation injury

Factors such as ___, ___, and cardiac disorders that impair peripheral circulation (e.g., peripheral vascular disease) further complicate burn recovery and increase mortality rates in adults

Obesity and alcoholism

Skin disorder caused by a variety of underlying disorders, including neuropathy, vascular insufficiency, radiation, systemic sclerosis (SSc), vasculitis, and prolonged pressure

Integumentary ulcers

List the areas typically affected by pressure injuries

Heels, sacrum, ischial tuberosities, greater trochanters, elbows, and scapula or under medical devices

What stage pressure injury is classified by Nonblanchable Erythema of Intact Skin

Stage 1

What stage pressure injury is classified by Partial-Thickness Skin Loss With Exposed Dermis

Stage 2

What stage pressure injury is classified by Full-Thickness Skin Loss

Stage 3

What stage pressure injury is classified by Full-Thickness Skin and Tissue Loss

Stage 4

An unstageable pressure injury is characterized by:

Obscured full-thickness skin and tissue loss

Pressure injury characterized by persistent nonblanchable deep red, maroon, or purple discoloration

Deep tissue

True or false: Once a pressure injury is designated as stage 2, 3, or 4 it will retain this original classification until it has resolved

True