Cardiovascular System

Question 1

-pril
Primary indication

Answer 1

Antihypertensive, congestive heart failure

Question 2

Suffix for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Answer 2

-pril

Question 3

Suffix for angiotensin-II receptor blockers

Answer 3

-sartan

Question 4

Suffix for beta blockers

Answer 4

-olol

Question 5

Suffix for calcium channel blockers

Answer 5

-Ipine

Question 6

suffix for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

Answer 6

-statin

Question 7

Hypertension known as idiopathic hypertension and accounts for 90%-95% of all cases of hypertension

Answer 7

Primary hypertension

Question 8

Type of hypertension that accounts for only 5%-10% of cases and results from an identifiable cause

Answer 8

Secondary hypertension

Question 9

A syndrome of markedly elevated blood pressure (DBP>125 mmHg) with target organ damage

Answer 9

Malignant hypertension

Question 10

List the modifiable risk factors of primary hypertension

Answer 10

High sodium intake, obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and increased serum triglyceride levels, smoking, long-term abuse of alcohol, continuous emotional stress, personality traits, sedentary lifestyle, white coat hypertension, hormonal status

Question 11

List the nonmodifiable risk factors for primary hypertension

Answer 11

Positive family history of cardiovascular disease, age (>55 years), gender, ethnicity

Question 12

Myocardial cell death due to prolonged ischemia

Answer 12

Myocardial infarction

Question 13

MI type ___ develops due to
a mismatch between
oxygen supply and
demand by myocardial
tissue; no atherosclerotic
plaque disruption occurs.

Answer 13

2

Question 14

MI type __ is caused by
CAD and is triggered by
the atherosclerotic
plaque disruption (rupture
or erosion).

Answer 14

1

Question 15

A complex clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional
impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood

Answer 15

Heart failure

Question 16

Condition in which: A decrease of 20 mm Hg or greater in SBP or a
drop of 10 mm Hg or more in both systolic and
diastolic arterial blood pressure with a
concomitant pulse increase of 15 beats/min or
more on standing from a supine or sitting position

Answer 16

Orthostatic hypotension

Question 17

What population is often effected by orthostatic hypotension

Answer 17

Older adults and contributes significantly to morbidity from syncope, falls, vital organ ischemia, and mortality among older adults with diabetic hypertension

Question 18

When the heart valves are too narrow

Answer 18

Stenosis

Question 19

What are the two layers of pericardium

Answer 19

Inner visceral layer and an outer parietal layer

Question 20

Inflammation of the pericardium

Answer 20

Pericarditis

Question 21

stabilizes the heart
in its anatomic position despite
changes in body position and
reduces excess friction between the
heart and surrounding structures

Answer 21

Pericardium

Question 22

Layer of the heart attached to the epicardium

Answer 22

Inner visceral layer

Question 23

The most common type of aneurysms

Answer 23

Abdominal

Question 24

An abnormal stretching (dilation) in
the wall of an artery, a vein, or the
heart with a diameter that is at least
50% greater than normal

Answer 24

Aneurysm

Question 25

swelling of a vein because of vein wall inflammation (phlebitis) occurring as a result of thrombus (blood clot) deposition in the vein.

Answer 25

Thrombophlebitis

Question 26

List the two different types of thrombophlebitis

Answer 26

Deep vein thrombosis and superficial thrombophlebitis

Question 27

List the risk factors of DVT

Answer 27

Immobility (Venous Stasis)  Trauma (Venous Damage)  Lifestyle  Hypercoagulation and other

Question 28

an intravascular collection of fibrin network, platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes, the end result of the activation of the clotting cascade with the potential to produce significant morbidity and mortality.

Answer 28

Venous thrombus

Question 29

can occur when part of a thrombus (embolus) in a DVT breaks loose and travels through the right side of the heart into the pulmonary artery.

Answer 29

Pulmonary embolism

Question 30

PEs, most often from the large, deep veins of the ___ and ___ , are the most devastating complication of DVT and can occur without apparent warning, ending in sudden death.

Answer 30

Pelvis and legs

Question 31

__ and __ are referred to as venous thromboembolism (VTE)

Answer 31

DVT and PE

Question 32

___ is the most common reason for hospital readmission and death after total hip and total knee arthroplasty

Answer 32

Venous thromboembolism

Question 33

True or false: emboli can be formed of other substances besides a blood clot

Answer 33

True

Question 34

An abnormal dilation of veins leading to tortuosity (twisting and turning) of the vessel, incompetence of the valves, and a propensity to thrombosis.

Answer 34

Varicose veins

Question 35

Which veins are typically effected by varicose veins

Answer 35

saphenous veins of the lower extremities

Question 36

The cardiovascular system functions in coordination with the ___ system to circulate oxygenated blood through the arterial system to all cells in the body

Answer 36

Pulmonary

Question 37

List the leading risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (7)

Answer 37

Hypertension, high serum cholesterol levels, physical inactivity, diabetes, suboptimal diet, overweight/obesity, smoking

Question 38

Type of prevention defined as risk factor reduction targeted towards an entire population through a focus on social and environmental conditions

Answer 38

Primordial prevention

Question 39

Type of prevention aimed at children to decrease as much risk exposure as possible

Answer 39

Primordial prevention

Question 40

Type of prevention defined as reducing chances of the first adverse cardiovascular event in patients with no clinical apparent CVD; lifestyle and environmental changes

Answer 40

Primary prevention

Question 41

Type of prevention defined as the attempt to decrease the recurrent cardiovascular events and reduce death resulting from CVD

Answer 41

Secondary

Question 42

Cardinal symptoms of cardiac disease usually include ___, ___, or ___ pain or discomfort; angina, palpitations; dyspnea; syncope (fainting); fatigue; cough; and cyanosis.

Answer 42

Chest, neck, or arm

Question 43

What are the most common symptoms of the vascular component of cardiovascular pathological conditions

Answer 43

Edema and leg pain (claudication)