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Pl1002 Integrated Physiology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the stratum corneum in the epidermis?
a) Sensory reception
b) Melanin production
c) Waterproof protection
d) Blood supply

A

Answer: c) Waterproof protection
Explanation: The stratum corneum is composed of dead, keratinized cells that provide a waterproof barrier.

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2
Q

Which type of burn involves both the epidermis and part of the dermis?
a) First-degree burn
b) Second-degree burn
c) Third-degree burn
d) Fourth-degree burn

A

Answer: b) Second-degree burn
Explanation: Second-degree burns damage the epidermis and part of the dermis, causing redness, pain, and blistering.

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3
Q

What pigment is primarily responsible for giving skin its brown-black color?
a) Carotene
b) Hemoglobin
c) Eumelanin
d) Pheomelanin

A

Answer: c) Eumelanin
Explanation: Eumelanin is a brown-black pigment produced by melanocytes and contributes to darker skin tones.

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4
Q

Which enzyme family is the largest in humans and plays a central role in drug metabolism?
a) CYP1
b) CYP2
c) CYP3
d) CYP4

A

Answer: b) CYP2
Explanation: The CYP2 family is the largest and is critically involved in the metabolism of various drugs.

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5
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?
a) Produce sweat
b) Produce sebum
c) Produce pheromones
d) Produce earwax

A

Answer: b) Produce sebum
Explanation: Sebaceous glands produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates and waterproofs the skin and hair.

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6
Q

Which layer of the skin contains the most collagen fibers and provides strength and elasticity?
a) Epidermis
b) Papillary dermis
c) Reticular dermis
d) Hypodermis

A

Answer: c) Reticular dermis
Explanation: The reticular dermis is rich in collagen fibers, giving the skin its strength and elasticity.

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7
Q

Which type of skin cancer arises from the cells of the stratum basale?
a) Melanoma
b) Squamous cell carcinoma
c) Basal cell carcinoma
d) Merkel cell carcinoma

A

Answer: c) Basal cell carcinoma
Explanation: Basal cell carcinoma arises from the basal cells of the stratum basale and is the most common type of skin cancer.

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8
Q

What phase of drug metabolism involves the introduction or exposure of functional groups to increase polarity?
a) Phase 0
b) Phase 1
c) Phase 2
d) Phase 3

A

Answer: b) Phase 1
Explanation: Phase 1 metabolism involves the introduction or unmasking of functional groups to increase the polarity of xenobiotics.

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9
Q

Which cells in the epidermis are responsible for the immune response by engulfing foreign materials?
a) Keratinocytes
b) Melanocytes
c) Langerhans cells
d) Merkel cells

A

Answer: c) Langerhans cells
Explanation: Langerhans cells are immune cells in the epidermis that engulf and process antigens.

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10
Q

What is the primary cause of decubitus ulcers (bed sores)?
a) Excessive sweating
b) Fungal infection
c) Prolonged pressure
d) Allergic reaction

A

Answer: c) Prolonged pressure
Explanation: Decubitus ulcers are caused by prolonged pressure that restricts blood flow to tissues over bony projections.

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11
Q

Which type of melanin is responsible for red and yellow pigmentation in the skin?
a) Eumelanin
b) Pheomelanin
c) Hemoglobin
d) Carotene

A

Answer: b) Pheomelanin
Explanation: Pheomelanin gives red and yellow coloration to the skin.

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12
Q

What type of sweat gland is primarily involved in thermoregulation?
a) Eccrine sweat glands
b) Apocrine sweat glands
c) Sebaceous glands
d) Ceruminous glands

A

Answer: a) Eccrine sweat glands
Explanation: Eccrine sweat glands secrete a watery fluid that evaporates to help regulate body temperature.

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13
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?
a) Stratum corneum
b) Stratum granulosum
c) Stratum spinosum
d) Stratum lucidum

A

Answer: d) Stratum lucidum
Explanation: The stratum lucidum is a clear layer found only in thick skin, such as the palms and soles.

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14
Q

Which phase of drug metabolism involves conjugation reactions to increase solubility?
a) Phase 0
b) Phase 1
c) Phase 2
d) Phase 3

A

Answer: c) Phase 2
Explanation: Phase 2 metabolism involves conjugation reactions that increase the solubility of drugs for easier excretion.

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15
Q

Which cell type in the epidermis is involved in sensory perception?
a) Keratinocytes
b) Melanocytes
c) Langerhans cells
d) Merkel cells

A

Answer: d) Merkel cells
Explanation: Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors involved in the sensation of touch.

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16
Q

Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the epidermis?
a) Epidermis
b) Papillary dermis
c) Reticular dermis
d) Hypodermis

A

Answer: b) Papillary dermis
Explanation: The papillary dermis contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the avascular epidermis.

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17
Q

Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily responsible for metabolizing approximately 50% of drugs?
a) CYP1A2
b) CYP2D6
c) CYP3A4
d) CYP2C19

A

Answer: c) CYP3A4
Explanation: CYP3A4 is the most abundant P450 enzyme and metabolizes approximately 50% of drugs.

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18
Q

Which type of burn is characterized by damage to all layers of the skin and requires skin grafts for healing?
a) First-degree burn
b) Second-degree burn
c) Third-degree burn
d) Fourth-degree burn

A

Answer: c) Third-degree burn
Explanation: Third-degree burns destroy all layers of the skin and often require skin grafts for proper healing.

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19
Q

What is the role of melanocytes in the skin?
a) Produce collagen
b) Produce sebum
c) Produce melanin
d) Produce keratin

A

Answer: c) Produce melanin
Explanation: Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color and protects against UV radiation.

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20
Q

Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of adipose tissue?
a) Epidermis
b) Papillary dermis
c) Reticular dermis
d) Hypodermis

A

Answer: d) Hypodermis
Explanation: The hypodermis, or subcutaneous layer, is composed mainly of adipose tissue, providing insulation and cushioning.

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21
Q

Which enzyme family is known for its involvement in the metabolism of endogenous substrates like steroids and fatty acids?
a) CYP1
b) CYP2
c) CYP3
d) CYP11

A

Answer: d) CYP11
Explanation: The CYP11 family is involved in the synthesis of endogenous substrates such as steroids and fatty acids.

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22
Q

What is the primary cause of acne vulgaris?
a) Bacterial infection
b) Hormonal changes
c) Fungal infection
d) Viral infection

A

Answer: b) Hormonal changes
Explanation: Acne vulgaris is largely hormonally induced, with androgens stimulating sebum production.

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23
Q

Which skin condition is characterized by itchy, inflamed skin and often runs in families?
a) Psoriasis
b) Eczema
c) Rosacea
d) Vitiligo

A

Answer: b) Eczema
Explanation: Eczema is a group of skin conditions characterized by itchy, inflamed skin and can be hereditary.

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24
Q

What is the primary function of Langerhans cells in the epidermis?
a) Melanin production
b) Sensory reception
c) Immune response
d) Keratin production

A

Answer: c) Immune response
Explanation: Langerhans cells are involved in the immune response by capturing and presenting antigens.

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25
Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly and accounts for 73% of skin cancer deaths? a) Basal cell carcinoma b) Squamous cell carcinoma c) Melanoma d) Merkel cell carcinoma
Answer: c) Melanoma Explanation: Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer due to its high potential to metastasize.
26
What is the characteristic feature of third-degree burns? a) Redness and pain b) Blistering and swelling c) Charring and insensitivity d) Peeling and itching
Answer: c) Charring and insensitivity Explanation: Third-degree burns result in charring and insensitivity due to the destruction of nerve endings.
27
Which phase of drug metabolism involves the addition of polar groups such as glucuronic acid or sulfate? a) Phase 0 b) Phase 1 c) Phase 2 d) Phase 3
Answer: c) Phase 2 Explanation: Phase 2 metabolism involves conjugation reactions, adding polar groups to increase solubility for excretion.
28
Which layer of the epidermis contains actively dividing cells that replace lost or damaged cells? a) Stratum corneum b) Stratum lucidum c) Stratum granulosum d) Stratum basale
Answer: d) Stratum basale Explanation: The stratum basale contains stem cells that actively divide to replace lost or damaged cells in the epidermis.
29
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of drugs such as codeine and tamoxifen? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2C19
Answer: b) CYP2D6 Explanation: CYP2D6 is involved in the metabolism of several important drugs, including codeine and tamoxifen.
30
Which type of gland is responsible for producing earwax? a) Sebaceous glands b) Eccrine sweat glands c) Apocrine sweat glands d) Ceruminous glands
Answer: d) Ceruminous glands Explanation: Ceruminous glands produce earwax, which helps protect the ear canal.
31
Which condition is characterized by the separation of the nail plate from the nail bed? a) Paronychia b) Onychomycosis c) Onycholysis d) Beau's lines
Answer: c) Onycholysis Explanation: Onycholysis is the separation of the nail plate from the nail bed, often due to trauma or infection.
32
What is the function of Merkel cells in the skin? a) Produce melanin b) Detect touch sensations c) Produce sweat d) Provide waterproof protection
Answer: b) Detect touch sensations Explanation: Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors that detect touch sensations in the skin.
33
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is known for metabolizing nicotine? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2A6
Answer: d) CYP2A6 Explanation: CYP2A6 is primarily responsible for the metabolism of nicotine.
34
Which layer of the skin is involved in the formation of fingerprints? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: b) Papillary dermis Explanation: The papillary dermis forms dermal papillae, which are responsible for the unique patterns of fingerprints.
35
What is the primary cause of hyperpigmentation following skin inflammation? a) Decreased melanin production b) Increased melanin production c) Increased collagen production d) Decreased collagen production
Answer: b) Increased melanin production Explanation: Hyperpigmentation following inflammation is caused by increased melanin production in response to injury or irritation.
36
Which skin condition is characterized by red, scaly patches commonly found on the scalp, elbows, and knees? a) Eczema b) Psoriasis c) Rosacea d) Vitiligo
Answer: b) Psoriasis Explanation: Psoriasis is characterized by red, scaly patches commonly found on the scalp, elbows, and knees.
37
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of warfarin? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2C9
Answer: d) CYP2C9 Explanation: CYP2C9 is primarily responsible for the metabolism of warfarin.
38
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscle in the skin? a) Produce sweat b) Produce sebum c) Cause hair to stand erect d) Detect touch sensations
Answer: c) Cause hair to stand erect Explanation: The arrector pili muscle causes hair to stand erect, producing goosebumps as a response to cold or fear.
39
Which layer of the epidermis is known as the "horny layer"? a) Stratum corneum b) Stratum lucidum c) Stratum granulosum d) Stratum basale
Answer: a) Stratum corneum Explanation: The stratum corneum is known as the "horny layer" due to its thick, keratinized cells that form a tough outer layer.
40
Which type of skin cancer is most likely to metastasize quickly and be fatal if not treated immediately? a) Basal cell carcinoma b) Squamous cell carcinoma c) Melanoma d) Merkel cell carcinoma
Answer: c) Melanoma Explanation: Melanoma is highly metastatic and can be fatal if not treated promptly.
41
Which enzyme family includes the primary enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of environmental carcinogens? a) CYP1 b) CYP2 c) CYP3 d) CYP11
Answer: a) CYP1 Explanation: The CYP1 family includes enzymes that metabolize environmental carcinogens.
42
Which layer of the skin contains sensory receptors such as Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: c) Reticular dermis Explanation: The reticular dermis contains sensory receptors like Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles.
43
Which phase of drug metabolism is primarily responsible for increasing the solubility of drugs? a) Phase 0 b) Phase 1 c) Phase 2 d) Phase 3
Answer: c) Phase 2 Explanation: Phase 2 metabolism involves conjugation reactions that increase drug solubility.
44
What is the primary function of the hypodermis? a) Provide waterproof protection b) Produce sebum c) Store fat and provide insulation d) Detect touch sensations
Answer: c) Store fat and provide insulation Explanation: The hypodermis stores fat and provides insulation and cushioning.
45
Which type of burn is typically caused by brief exposure to the sun or a hot surface and affects only the epidermis? a) First-degree burn b) Second-degree burn c) Third-degree burn d) Fourth-degree burn
Answer: a) First-degree burn Explanation: First-degree burns affect only the epidermis and are typically caused by brief exposure to the sun or hot surfaces.
46
Which cells in the epidermis are responsible for producing keratin? a) Keratinocytes b) Melanocytes c) Langerhans cells d) Merkel cells
Answer: a) Keratinocytes Explanation: Keratinocytes produce keratin, a protective protein in the epidermis.
47
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of caffeine? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2C19
Answer: a) CYP1A2 Explanation: CYP1A2 is primarily responsible for the metabolism of caffeine.
48
Which skin condition is characterized by white patches due to the loss of pigment-producing cells? a) Psoriasis b) Eczema c) Rosacea d) Vitiligo
Answer: d) Vitiligo Explanation: Vitiligo is characterized by white patches due to the loss of melanocytes.
49
Which layer of the skin is responsible for the production of vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: a) Epidermis Explanation: The epidermis is responsible for producing vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation.
50
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is known for its role in the metabolism of antipsychotic medications? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2C9
Answer: b) CYP2D6 Explanation: CYP2D6 plays a significant role in the metabolism of antipsychotic medications.
51
Which condition results from the blockage of sweat ducts, causing trapped perspiration under the skin? a) Acne vulgaris b) Eczema c) Heat rash (miliaria) d) Psoriasis
Answer: c) Heat rash (miliaria) Explanation: Heat rash results from blocked sweat ducts, trapping perspiration under the skin.
52
Which enzyme family is involved in the hydroxylation of steroids, fatty acids, and prostaglandins? a) CYP1 b) CYP2 c) CYP3 d) CYP11
Answer: d) CYP11 Explanation: The CYP11 family is involved in the hydroxylation of steroids, fatty acids, and prostaglandins.
53
Which layer of the skin contains the majority of collagen and elastin fibers? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: c) Reticular dermis Explanation: The reticular dermis contains the majority of collagen and elastin fibers, providing strength and elasticity.
54
What is the main barrier to transdermal drug delivery in the skin? a) Stratum corneum b) Stratum lucidum c) Stratum granulosum d) Stratum basale
Answer: a) Stratum corneum Explanation: The stratum corneum is the main barrier to transdermal drug delivery due to its dense, keratinized cells.
55
Which type of skin cancer arises from keratinocytes and often appears on sun-exposed areas? a) Basal cell carcinoma b) Squamous cell carcinoma c) Melanoma d) Merkel cell carcinoma
Answer: b) Squamous cell carcinoma Explanation: Squamous cell carcinoma arises from keratinocytes and often appears on sun-exposed areas.
56
Which condition is caused by a deficiency of blood flow to tissues overlying a bony projection? a) Eczema b) Bed sores (decubitus ulcers) c) Heat rash d) Psoriasis
Answer: b) Bed sores (decubitus ulcers) Explanation: Bed sores result from a deficiency of blood flow to tissues overlying bony projections, usually due to prolonged pressure.
57
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is involved in the metabolism of proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2C19
Answer: d) CYP2C19 Explanation: CYP2C19 is involved in the metabolism of proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole.
58
What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands? a) Produce pheromones b) Lubricate the skin c) Thermoregulation through sweating d) Produce earwax
Answer: c) Thermoregulation through sweating Explanation: Eccrine sweat glands are involved in thermoregulation by producing sweat that evaporates to cool the body.
59
Which layer of the skin is responsible for the formation of stretch marks (striae)? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: c) Reticular dermis Explanation: Stretch marks form in the reticular dermis due to the tearing of collagen and elastin fibers.
60
Which type of burn extends into deeper tissues, including muscles and bones? a) First-degree burn b) Second-degree burn c) Third-degree burn d) Fourth-degree burn
Answer: d) Fourth-degree burn Explanation: Fourth-degree burns extend into deeper tissues, including muscles and bones, and are the most severe type of burn.
61
Which enzyme family is involved in the metabolism of environmental toxins and carcinogens? a) CYP1 b) CYP2 c) CYP3 d) CYP11
Answer: a) CYP1 Explanation: The CYP1 family is involved in the metabolism of environmental toxins and carcinogens.
62
Which layer of the skin provides structural support and houses blood vessels, nerves, and sensory receptors? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: c) Reticular dermis Explanation: The reticular dermis provides structural support and houses blood vessels, nerves, and sensory receptors.
63
Which phase of drug metabolism involves the functionalization of drugs through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis? a) Phase 0 b) Phase 1 c) Phase 2 d) Phase 3
Answer: b) Phase 1 Explanation: Phase 1 metabolism involves functionalization reactions such as oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis.
64
Which cells in the epidermis are responsible for producing melanin? a) Keratinocytes b) Melanocytes c) Langerhans cells d) Merkel cells
Answer: b) Melanocytes Explanation: Melanocytes produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.
65
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of antiepileptic drugs? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2C9
Answer: d) CYP2C9 Explanation: CYP2C9 is involved in the metabolism of several antiepileptic drugs.
66
Which condition is characterized by red, flushed skin due to increased blood flow to the face? a) Psoriasis b) Rosacea c) Eczema d) Vitiligo
Answer: b) Rosacea Explanation: Rosacea is characterized by red, flushed skin due to increased blood flow to the face.
67
Which phase of drug metabolism involves the attachment of an endogenous molecule to increase drug solubility? a) Phase 0 b) Phase 1 c) Phase 2 d) Phase 3
Answer: c) Phase 2 Explanation: Phase 2 metabolism involves the conjugation of an endogenous molecule, increasing drug solubility for excretion.
67
Which type of skin lesion is a solid, raised area that is larger than 0.5 cm in diameter? a) Macule b) Papule c) Nodule d) Vesicle
Answer: c) Nodule Explanation: A nodule is a solid, raised skin lesion larger than 0.5 cm in diameter.
67
Which layer of the skin acts as a barrier to protect the body from external harm? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: a) Epidermis Explanation: The epidermis acts as a barrier to protect the body from external harm, such as pathogens and physical injury.
67
Which layer of the skin contains hair follicles and sebaceous glands? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: c) Reticular dermis Explanation: The reticular dermis contains hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
67
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of antidepressants? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2C19
Answer: b) CYP2D6 Explanation: CYP2D6 plays a significant role in the metabolism of many antidepressants.
67
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2C9
Answer: c) CYP3A4 Explanation: CYP3A4 is primarily responsible for the metabolism of cyclosporine.
68
Which enzyme family is involved in the metabolism of several important anticancer drugs? a) CYP1 b) CYP2 c) CYP3 d) CYP11
Answer: b) CYP2 Explanation: The CYP2 family is involved in the metabolism of various anticancer drugs.
68
Which condition is characterized by a fungal infection of the nail? a) Paronychia b) Onychomycosis c) Onycholysis d) Beau's lines
Answer: b) Onychomycosis Explanation: Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail.
68
Which skin condition is characterized by thickened areas of skin due to frequent scratching? a) Psoriasis b) Eczema c) Lichenification d) Vitiligo
Answer: c) Lichenification Explanation: Lichenification refers to thickened areas of skin caused by frequent scratching or rubbing.
68
Which phase of drug metabolism often results in the formation of a more active metabolite? a) Phase 0 b) Phase 1 c) Phase 2 d) Phase 3
Answer: b) Phase 1 Explanation: Phase 1 metabolism can result in the formation of more active metabolites through functionalization reactions.
68
Which layer of the skin provides cushioning and insulation for the body? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: d) Hypodermis Explanation: The hypodermis provides cushioning and insulation for the body.
68
Which layer of the skin contains cells that can sense light touch and vibrations? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: b) Papillary dermis Explanation: The papillary dermis contains Meissner's corpuscles, which sense light touch and vibrations.
68
Which type of primary skin lesion is filled with pus? a) Macule b) Papule c) Nodule d) Pustule
Answer: d) Pustule Explanation: A pustule is a primary skin lesion filled with pus.
68
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is involved in the metabolism of steroids? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP11B1
Answer: d) CYP11B1 Explanation: CYP11B1 is involved in the metabolism of steroids.
68
Which layer of the skin is responsible for the production of keratin? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: a) Epidermis Explanation: The epidermis is responsible for the production of keratin through keratinocytes.
68
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2C19
Answer: d) CYP2C19 Explanation: CYP2C19 is primarily responsible for the metabolism of clopidogrel.
68
Which type of burn is characterized by blistering and severe pain, but leaves some dermis intact? a) First-degree burn b) Second-degree burn c) Third-degree burn d) Fourth-degree burn
Answer: b) Second-degree burn Explanation: Second-degree burns involve blistering and severe pain, but leave some dermis intact.
68
Which enzyme family is known for its role in the synthesis of prostaglandins? a) CYP1 b) CYP2 c) CYP3 d) CYP11
Answer: d) CYP11 Explanation: The CYP11 family is involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins.
69
Which skin condition is characterized by thick, silvery scales and itchy, dry patches? a) Psoriasis b) Eczema c) Rosacea d) Vitiligo
Answer: a) Psoriasis Explanation: Psoriasis is characterized by thick, silvery scales and itchy, dry patches.
70
Which phase of drug metabolism involves the hydrolysis of xenobiotic substrates? a) Phase 0 b) Phase 1 c) Phase 2 d) Phase 3
Answer: b) Phase 1 Explanation: Phase 1 metabolism involves the hydrolysis of xenobiotic substrates, increasing their polarity.
71
Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for temperature regulation through blood flow? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: b) Papillary dermis Explanation: The papillary dermis plays a key role in temperature regulation through its blood vessels.
72
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2C9
Answer: d) CYP2C9 Explanation: CYP2C9 is involved in the metabolism of phenytoin.
73
Which type of skin lesion is a flat, discolored spot that is less than 1 cm in diameter? a) Macule b) Papule c) Nodule d) Vesicle
Answer: a) Macule Explanation: A macule is a flat, discolored spot that is less than 1 cm in diameter.
74
Which phase of drug metabolism often results in the detoxification of xenobiotics? a) Phase 0 b) Phase 1 c) Phase 2 d) Phase 3
Answer: c) Phase 2 Explanation: Phase 2 metabolism often results in the detoxification of xenobiotics through conjugation reactions.
75
Which condition is characterized by red, inflamed patches of skin covered with silvery scales? a) Psoriasis b) Eczema c) Rosacea d) Vitiligo
Answer: a) Psoriasis Explanation: Psoriasis is characterized by red, inflamed patches of skin covered with silvery scales.
76
Which enzyme family is involved in the metabolism of plant toxins and environmental chemicals? a) CYP1 b) CYP2 c) CYP3 d) CYP11
Answer: a) CYP1 Explanation: The CYP1 family is involved in the metabolism of plant toxins and environmental chemicals.
77
Which layer of the skin contains collagen fibers that provide tensile strength? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: c) Reticular dermis Explanation: The reticular dermis contains collagen fibers that provide tensile strength.
78
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of the antidiabetic drug tolbutamide? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2C9
Answer: d) CYP2C9 Explanation: CYP2C9 is primarily responsible for the metabolism of tolbutamide.
79
Which type of primary skin lesion is a small, elevated, fluid-filled blister less than 1 cm in diameter? a) Macule b) Papule c) Nodule d) Vesicle
Answer: d) Vesicle Explanation: A vesicle is a small, elevated, fluid-filled blister less than 1 cm in diameter.
80
Which phase of drug metabolism involves the reduction of xenobiotic substrates? a) Phase 0 b) Phase 1 c) Phase 2 d) Phase 3
Answer: b) Phase 1 Explanation: Phase 1 metabolism involves the reduction of xenobiotic substrates, increasing their polarity.
81
Which layer of the skin contains nerve endings that sense pain and temperature? a) Epidermis b) Papillary dermis c) Reticular dermis d) Hypodermis
Answer: b) Papillary dermis Explanation: The papillary dermis contains nerve endings that sense pain and temperature.
82
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of the antifungal drug fluconazole? a) CYP1A2 b) CYP2D6 c) CYP3A4 d) CYP2C9
Answer: d) CYP2C9 Explanation: CYP2C9 is involved in the metabolism of fluconazole.
83
Which type of skin cancer is the least dangerous but most common? a) Basal cell carcinoma b) Squamous cell carcinoma c) Melanoma d) Merkel cell carcinoma
Answer: a) Basal cell carcinoma Explanation: Basal cell carcinoma is the most common but least dangerous type of skin cancer.
84
Which phase of drug metabolism involves the oxidation of xenobiotic substrates? a) Phase 0 b) Phase 1 c) Phase 2 d) Phase 3
Answer: b) Phase 1 Explanation: Phase 1 metabolism involves the oxidation of xenobiotic substrates, increasing their polarity.

Pl1002 Integrated Physiology (7 decks)

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