Integumentary System Flashcards
What is the primary function of the stratum corneum in the epidermis?
a) Sensory reception
b) Melanin production
c) Waterproof protection
d) Blood supply
Answer: c) Waterproof protection
Explanation: The stratum corneum is composed of dead, keratinized cells that provide a waterproof barrier.
Which type of burn involves both the epidermis and part of the dermis?
a) First-degree burn
b) Second-degree burn
c) Third-degree burn
d) Fourth-degree burn
Answer: b) Second-degree burn
Explanation: Second-degree burns damage the epidermis and part of the dermis, causing redness, pain, and blistering.
What pigment is primarily responsible for giving skin its brown-black color?
a) Carotene
b) Hemoglobin
c) Eumelanin
d) Pheomelanin
Answer: c) Eumelanin
Explanation: Eumelanin is a brown-black pigment produced by melanocytes and contributes to darker skin tones.
Which enzyme family is the largest in humans and plays a central role in drug metabolism?
a) CYP1
b) CYP2
c) CYP3
d) CYP4
Answer: b) CYP2
Explanation: The CYP2 family is the largest and is critically involved in the metabolism of various drugs.
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
a) Produce sweat
b) Produce sebum
c) Produce pheromones
d) Produce earwax
Answer: b) Produce sebum
Explanation: Sebaceous glands produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates and waterproofs the skin and hair.
Which layer of the skin contains the most collagen fibers and provides strength and elasticity?
a) Epidermis
b) Papillary dermis
c) Reticular dermis
d) Hypodermis
Answer: c) Reticular dermis
Explanation: The reticular dermis is rich in collagen fibers, giving the skin its strength and elasticity.
Which type of skin cancer arises from the cells of the stratum basale?
a) Melanoma
b) Squamous cell carcinoma
c) Basal cell carcinoma
d) Merkel cell carcinoma
Answer: c) Basal cell carcinoma
Explanation: Basal cell carcinoma arises from the basal cells of the stratum basale and is the most common type of skin cancer.
What phase of drug metabolism involves the introduction or exposure of functional groups to increase polarity?
a) Phase 0
b) Phase 1
c) Phase 2
d) Phase 3
Answer: b) Phase 1
Explanation: Phase 1 metabolism involves the introduction or unmasking of functional groups to increase the polarity of xenobiotics.
Which cells in the epidermis are responsible for the immune response by engulfing foreign materials?
a) Keratinocytes
b) Melanocytes
c) Langerhans cells
d) Merkel cells
Answer: c) Langerhans cells
Explanation: Langerhans cells are immune cells in the epidermis that engulf and process antigens.
What is the primary cause of decubitus ulcers (bed sores)?
a) Excessive sweating
b) Fungal infection
c) Prolonged pressure
d) Allergic reaction
Answer: c) Prolonged pressure
Explanation: Decubitus ulcers are caused by prolonged pressure that restricts blood flow to tissues over bony projections.
Which type of melanin is responsible for red and yellow pigmentation in the skin?
a) Eumelanin
b) Pheomelanin
c) Hemoglobin
d) Carotene
Answer: b) Pheomelanin
Explanation: Pheomelanin gives red and yellow coloration to the skin.
What type of sweat gland is primarily involved in thermoregulation?
a) Eccrine sweat glands
b) Apocrine sweat glands
c) Sebaceous glands
d) Ceruminous glands
Answer: a) Eccrine sweat glands
Explanation: Eccrine sweat glands secrete a watery fluid that evaporates to help regulate body temperature.
Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?
a) Stratum corneum
b) Stratum granulosum
c) Stratum spinosum
d) Stratum lucidum
Answer: d) Stratum lucidum
Explanation: The stratum lucidum is a clear layer found only in thick skin, such as the palms and soles.
Which phase of drug metabolism involves conjugation reactions to increase solubility?
a) Phase 0
b) Phase 1
c) Phase 2
d) Phase 3
Answer: c) Phase 2
Explanation: Phase 2 metabolism involves conjugation reactions that increase the solubility of drugs for easier excretion.
Which cell type in the epidermis is involved in sensory perception?
a) Keratinocytes
b) Melanocytes
c) Langerhans cells
d) Merkel cells
Answer: d) Merkel cells
Explanation: Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors involved in the sensation of touch.
Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the epidermis?
a) Epidermis
b) Papillary dermis
c) Reticular dermis
d) Hypodermis
Answer: b) Papillary dermis
Explanation: The papillary dermis contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the avascular epidermis.
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily responsible for metabolizing approximately 50% of drugs?
a) CYP1A2
b) CYP2D6
c) CYP3A4
d) CYP2C19
Answer: c) CYP3A4
Explanation: CYP3A4 is the most abundant P450 enzyme and metabolizes approximately 50% of drugs.
Which type of burn is characterized by damage to all layers of the skin and requires skin grafts for healing?
a) First-degree burn
b) Second-degree burn
c) Third-degree burn
d) Fourth-degree burn
Answer: c) Third-degree burn
Explanation: Third-degree burns destroy all layers of the skin and often require skin grafts for proper healing.
What is the role of melanocytes in the skin?
a) Produce collagen
b) Produce sebum
c) Produce melanin
d) Produce keratin
Answer: c) Produce melanin
Explanation: Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color and protects against UV radiation.
Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of adipose tissue?
a) Epidermis
b) Papillary dermis
c) Reticular dermis
d) Hypodermis
Answer: d) Hypodermis
Explanation: The hypodermis, or subcutaneous layer, is composed mainly of adipose tissue, providing insulation and cushioning.
Which enzyme family is known for its involvement in the metabolism of endogenous substrates like steroids and fatty acids?
a) CYP1
b) CYP2
c) CYP3
d) CYP11
Answer: d) CYP11
Explanation: The CYP11 family is involved in the synthesis of endogenous substrates such as steroids and fatty acids.
What is the primary cause of acne vulgaris?
a) Bacterial infection
b) Hormonal changes
c) Fungal infection
d) Viral infection
Answer: b) Hormonal changes
Explanation: Acne vulgaris is largely hormonally induced, with androgens stimulating sebum production.
Which skin condition is characterized by itchy, inflamed skin and often runs in families?
a) Psoriasis
b) Eczema
c) Rosacea
d) Vitiligo
Answer: b) Eczema
Explanation: Eczema is a group of skin conditions characterized by itchy, inflamed skin and can be hereditary.
What is the primary function of Langerhans cells in the epidermis?
a) Melanin production
b) Sensory reception
c) Immune response
d) Keratin production
Answer: c) Immune response
Explanation: Langerhans cells are involved in the immune response by capturing and presenting antigens.
Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly and accounts for 73% of skin cancer deaths?
a) Basal cell carcinoma
b) Squamous cell carcinoma
c) Melanoma
d) Merkel cell carcinoma
Answer: c) Melanoma
Explanation: Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer due to its high potential to metastasize.
What is the characteristic feature of third-degree burns?
a) Redness and pain
b) Blistering and swelling
c) Charring and insensitivity
d) Peeling and itching
Answer: c) Charring and insensitivity
Explanation: Third-degree burns result in charring and insensitivity due to the destruction of nerve endings.
Which phase of drug metabolism involves the addition of polar groups such as glucuronic acid or sulfate?
a) Phase 0
b) Phase 1
c) Phase 2
d) Phase 3
Answer: c) Phase 2
Explanation: Phase 2 metabolism involves conjugation reactions, adding polar groups to increase solubility for excretion.
Which layer of the epidermis contains actively dividing cells that replace lost or damaged cells?
a) Stratum corneum
b) Stratum lucidum
c) Stratum granulosum
d) Stratum basale
Answer: d) Stratum basale
Explanation: The stratum basale contains stem cells that actively divide to replace lost or damaged cells in the epidermis.
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of drugs such as codeine and tamoxifen?
a) CYP1A2
b) CYP2D6
c) CYP3A4
d) CYP2C19
Answer: b) CYP2D6
Explanation: CYP2D6 is involved in the metabolism of several important drugs, including codeine and tamoxifen.
Which type of gland is responsible for producing earwax?
a) Sebaceous glands
b) Eccrine sweat glands
c) Apocrine sweat glands
d) Ceruminous glands
Answer: d) Ceruminous glands
Explanation: Ceruminous glands produce earwax, which helps protect the ear canal.
Which condition is characterized by the separation of the nail plate from the nail bed?
a) Paronychia
b) Onychomycosis
c) Onycholysis
d) Beau’s lines
Answer: c) Onycholysis
Explanation: Onycholysis is the separation of the nail plate from the nail bed, often due to trauma or infection.
What is the function of Merkel cells in the skin?
a) Produce melanin
b) Detect touch sensations
c) Produce sweat
d) Provide waterproof protection
Answer: b) Detect touch sensations
Explanation: Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors that detect touch sensations in the skin.
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is known for metabolizing nicotine?
a) CYP1A2
b) CYP2D6
c) CYP3A4
d) CYP2A6
Answer: d) CYP2A6
Explanation: CYP2A6 is primarily responsible for the metabolism of nicotine.
Which layer of the skin is involved in the formation of fingerprints?
a) Epidermis
b) Papillary dermis
c) Reticular dermis
d) Hypodermis
Answer: b) Papillary dermis
Explanation: The papillary dermis forms dermal papillae, which are responsible for the unique patterns of fingerprints.
What is the primary cause of hyperpigmentation following skin inflammation?
a) Decreased melanin production
b) Increased melanin production
c) Increased collagen production
d) Decreased collagen production
Answer: b) Increased melanin production
Explanation: Hyperpigmentation following inflammation is caused by increased melanin production in response to injury or irritation.
Which skin condition is characterized by red, scaly patches commonly found on the scalp, elbows, and knees?
a) Eczema
b) Psoriasis
c) Rosacea
d) Vitiligo
Answer: b) Psoriasis
Explanation: Psoriasis is characterized by red, scaly patches commonly found on the scalp, elbows, and knees.
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme is primarily involved in the metabolism of warfarin?
a) CYP1A2
b) CYP2D6
c) CYP3A4
d) CYP2C9
Answer: d) CYP2C9
Explanation: CYP2C9 is primarily responsible for the metabolism of warfarin.
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscle in the skin?
a) Produce sweat
b) Produce sebum
c) Cause hair to stand erect
d) Detect touch sensations
Answer: c) Cause hair to stand erect
Explanation: The arrector pili muscle causes hair to stand erect, producing goosebumps as a response to cold or fear.
Which layer of the epidermis is known as the “horny layer”?
a) Stratum corneum
b) Stratum lucidum
c) Stratum granulosum
d) Stratum basale
Answer: a) Stratum corneum
Explanation: The stratum corneum is known as the “horny layer” due to its thick, keratinized cells that form a tough outer layer.
Which type of skin cancer is most likely to metastasize quickly and be fatal if not treated immediately?
a) Basal cell carcinoma
b) Squamous cell carcinoma
c) Melanoma
d) Merkel cell carcinoma
Answer: c) Melanoma
Explanation: Melanoma is highly metastatic and can be fatal if not treated promptly.
