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IPHY 3410 - Exam 1 > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer, mostly epithelium (keratinized stratified squamous)

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2
Q

What is the main cell type in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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3
Q

What are the layers of the skin? (DEEP TO SUPER)

A

Stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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4
Q

Stratum germinativum

A

(stratum basale) Actively dividing layer, basement membrane lies along basal surface

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5
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Have intermediate filaments called pre-keratin, held together by desmosomes

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6
Q

Why does stratum spinosum have its name?

A

“Spiny” appearance after cell death (changes shapes)

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7
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Makes keratin for mechanical protection and glycolipid for waterproofing

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8
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Translucent appearance, consists of dead cells (cells die when they move away from dermis)

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9
Q

Where is stratum lucidum located?

A

Only present in regions of THICK skin (palms of hands, feet, etc.)

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10
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Outermost layer, highly keratinized (cornified)

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11
Q

What happens when areas are highly keratinized?

A

Keratin keeps feet/cells moist = fungal infections eat the keratin

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12
Q

Melanocytes (in stratum basale)

A

Produce pigment (melanin), send to keratinocytes

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13
Q

Melanoma

A

Cancer of melanocytes

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14
Q

Where are tactile epithelial cells?

A

In stratum basale (senseless touch)

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15
Q

Where are dendritic cells?

A

In stratum spinosum (immune cells)

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16
Q

Dermis

A

Mainly CT layer underlying epidermis, contains papillary and reticular layers

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17
Q

Papillary layer

A

Superficial

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18
Q

What is a blister?

A

Separation of the epidermis and dermis by fluid

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19
Q

Where does the fluid from a blister come from?

A

Dermis

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20
Q

Reticular layer (deep)

A

Main tissue component is dense irregular connective

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21
Q

What are the structures in the dermis?

A

Blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, glands, and hair follicles

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22
Q

Is the hypodermis a part of the skin?

A

No

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23
Q

What is the main tissue in the hypodermis and what is it good for?

A

Adipose tissue for insulation, cushion, and energy storage

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24
Q

Are appendages organs?

A

Yes, just like skin

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25
Q

How do appendages form?

A

Develops by folding of epidermis which extends into dermis

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26
Q

Hair follicles

A

Mainly invaginated epidermis

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27
Q

Hair bulb

A

Deepest part of follicle

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28
Q

Hair

A

Dead epithelial cells produced by follicle

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29
Q

Hair root/hair shaft

A

Beneath skin/beyond skin

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30
Q

Arrector pili

A

Muscle that elevates hair

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31
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Secrete oil (lubricates skin and hair; antibiotic)

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32
Q

What are the two sudoriferous (sweat) glands?

A

Eccrine and aprocrine glands

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33
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Not associated with hair follicles, over most skin, for thermoregulation

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34
Q

Aprocrine glands

A

Associated with hair follicles, axillary region, produce pheromones

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35
Q

Tissue is made of ____, not other tissues

A

Cells

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36
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft

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37
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends

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38
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Remnant of bone elongation zone (consists of compact bone where epiphyseal plate used to be)

39
Q

Periosteum

A

Mainly dense irregular CT, covers most of outer surface

40
Q

What are the periosteum’s functions?

A

Resist tension, attachments to tendons and ligaments, bone growth and remodeling

41
Q

What is the periosteum secured to bone by?

A

Perforating fibers

42
Q

Where is there articular cartilage?

A

On epiphyses

43
Q

What does the medullary cavity in diaphysis contain?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells and a lymphoid structure (reticular CT)

44
Q

What are hematopoietic stem cells?

A

Immature blood cells

45
Q

What color bone marrow are you born with and what do you have as an adult?

A

Red at birth and yellow as an adult

46
Q

Endosteum in the medullary cavity

A

Important for remodeling, similar to periosteum but covers interior surfaces of bone

47
Q

Blood vessels in the medullary cavity

A

Bone tissue is highly vascularized

48
Q

Why is compact bone tissue in the outer regions of bone?

A

In outer regions of bone Because bending exerts strongest forces in these areas

49
Q

Why is compact bone tissue in the medullary cavity?

A

Zero force in center

50
Q

Spongy bone tissue in the medullary cavity

A

In inner regions, mainly in or near epiphyses, trabeculae are aligned along stress lines

51
Q

Trabeculae

A

Spongy bone “pillars”

52
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-building cells

53
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone-dissolving cells/larger than other bone cells, resorption of bone matrix by osteoblasts

54
Q

Osteocytes

A

What an osteoblast becomes when trapped in matrix

55
Q

Matrix is primarily secreted by _____

A

Osteoblasts

56
Q

Organic (osteoid = primarily collagen and enzymes, etc.)

A

Resists tension

57
Q

Inorganic (hydroxyapatite = primarily calcium phosphate)

A

Resists compression

58
Q

Osteon (haversian system)

A

Lamellae (layers of bone matrix), collagen direction alternates

59
Q

Compact bone has what kind of structure?

A

Cylindrical = withstands bending/twisting

60
Q

What are the types of lamellae?

A

Concentric, interstitial, circumferential

61
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Form an osteon

62
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Remnants of old osteon

63
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Found close to periosteum

64
Q

Where is the central canal in an osteon?

A

Center of each osteon

65
Q

What connects the canals?

A

Perforating (volkmann’s) canals

66
Q

What are perforating canals lined by and what runs through them?

A

Endosteum and arteries, veins, and nerves run through

67
Q

Where are osteocytes trapped?

A

Within lacunae, between lamellae

68
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny passageways connecting lacunae

69
Q

What are osteocytes connected by?

A

Gap junctions

70
Q

Spongy bone (trabecular bone)

A

Made of trabeculae
Yes lamellae, no osteons, yes osteocytes, yes canaliculi

71
Q

Woven bone

A

First bone tissue that forms in fetal development, no lamellae

72
Q

Lamellae is the _______ type of tissue

A

Weakest

73
Q

What is woven bone eventually remodeled into?

A

Spongy or compact bone

74
Q

Intramembranous bone

A

Formation of bones from fibrous CT

75
Q

What does the intramembranous bone give rise to?

A

Membranous bones (most skull bones, clavicles (collar bones)

76
Q

Step 1 of giving rise to membranous bones

A

Mesenchyme gives rise to osteoblasts = forms ossification center

77
Q

Step 2 of giving rise to membranous bones

A

Osteoblasts secrete osteoid = mineralization occurs, trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes

78
Q

Step 3 of giving rise to membranous bones

A

Formation of woven bone and periosteum = woven bone forms from osteoid laid down between blood vessels

79
Q

Step 4 of giving rise to membranous bones

A

Remodeling into mature bone tissue = compact bone forms under exterior periosteum, rest becomes interior spongy bone

80
Q

What are the steps for intramembranous bone formation and growth?

A

Mesenchyme –> osteoblasts –> osteocytes

81
Q

What are the steps for endochondral bone formation and growth?

A

Mesenchyme –> chondroblasts or osteoblasts

82
Q

What kind of cartilage do endochondral bones form from?

A

Hyaline cartilage

83
Q

Long bone formation (1)

A

Cartilage model grows periosteum = periosteum produces bone collar

84
Q

Long bone formation (2)

A

Chondrocytes in center of diaphysis causes cartilage matrix to calcify = forming spicules

85
Q

Long bone formation (3)

A

Calcified matrix blocks nutrient diffusion, chondrocytes die = cavity is produced

86
Q

Long bone formation (4)

A

Periosteal bud (blood vessels, bone cells, nutrients, minerals) invades diaphysis

87
Q

Long bone formation (5)

A

Woven bone tissue forms over calcified cartilage = resulting bony region is called primary ossification center

88
Q

Long bone formation (6)

A

Further ossification and remodeling = mature arrangement of compact and spongy bone

89
Q

Where does cartilage remain after long bone formation?

A

Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

90
Q

Longitudinal bone growth

A

Growing longer

91
Q

Where does longitudinal bone growth occur?

A

At the epiphyseal plate = remaining internal cartilage

92
Q

When is the long bone growing?

A

Childhood to early adulthood

93
Q

When do your epiphyseal plates “close”?

A

At ages 18 (F) to 21 (M) = becomes epiphyseal line

94
Q

What happens when the plates close?

A

Cartilage grows on epiphyseal side, matrix calcifies, chondrocytes die, osteoblasts deposit bone matrix on diaphyseal side

IPHY 3410 - Exam 1 (5 decks)

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