Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Zoology Lecture > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Define the Integumentary System

A

The integumentary is a protective outer cover that includes the skin, hair, setae, scales, feathers, and horns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Characteristics of the Integumentary System

A

It is tough and pliable for protection against external harm. It helps prevent water loss and gain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Integument of Endothermic and Ectothermic types of animals do not have variations

A

FALSE, they do have variations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name Five Functions of the Integumentary System

A

They help in temperature regulation, respiration, excretion of waste, camouflage/pigmentation, and secrete molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Arthropods have a _____ called the _____ that secretes a ______.

A

Arthropods have a single-layered epidermis called the hypodermis that secretes a double layered cuticle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two zones of the cuticle?

A

The inner zone is called the procuticle and the outer zone is called the epicuticle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Purpose of the two zones of the cuticle of Arthropods

A

The procuticle is made of protein and it provides strength and protection. The epicuticle is made of proteins AND lipids, it also provides a moisture-proofing/water-proofing barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is water proofing?

A

Water proofing is adaptations or mechanisms that help creatures prevent excessive water loss or damage due to moisture or water-related challenges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain Calcification

A

Calcification is a way for decapods to harden their cuticle, they achieve calcification through deposition of calcium carbonate in the outer layer of the procuticle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain Sclerotization

A

Sclerotization is the formation of cross-linkages between protein molecules found in the procuticle lamellae, resulting in sclerotin, a material resistant to damage and insoluble in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain Molting

A

Molting begins with epidermal cells dividing by mitosis, the new epicuticle and procuticle beneath the old cuticle is formed. Once shed, the new cuticle is calcified or sclerotized.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Layers of the basic vertebrate integument

A

The thin, outer stratified epithelial layer called the epidermis and the inner, thicker layer called dermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does the epidermis derive from and give examples

A

The epidermis derived from the ectoderm (outermost germ layer in animals) and examples are the hair, feathers, claws, and hooves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the dermis derive from and give examples

A

The dermis derives from the mesoderm, it gives rise to scales, armor of crocodiles, shells of turtles, antlers, and bony horns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the dermis composed of ?

A

The dermis is composed of dense connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerves, fat cells, and fibroblasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of epithelium tissue is the Epidermis made of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain Keratinization

A

In the Epidermis, tough fibrous protein (keratin) builds up in the interior of cells, as they get older these old cells die and become cornified.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

A stratum corneum is formed when cornified cells come together to create a tough layer resistant to abrasion and water diffusion. It is responsible for calluses and footpads of mammals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the dermis do?

A

It supports, cushions, and nourishes the epidermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where can you find chromatophores?

A

found in the integument of some animals such as crustaceans and ectothermic vertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the functions of Chromatophores?

A

Chromatophores are responsible for the color and pattern of the skin, these pigments may concentrate in the center or be dispersed throughout the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the different types of Pigment?

A

Melanin Pigments, Carotenoid Pigments, Ommochromes and pteridines, and Iridophores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are melanin pigments?

A

Melanin pigments are the most common type of pigment, they are responsible for earth-colored shades (usually black or brown polymers) found in melanocytes or melanophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are Carotenoid pigments?

A

Carotenoid pigments impart/convey yellow and red colors found inside xanthophores (fishes and crustaceans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are crustaceans?

A

Large class of mostly-water dwelling arthropods (lobsters, shrimps, and crabs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define an Arthropod

A

An inverse rate animal having a segmented body, jointed limbs, and a shell that is shed periodically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are Ommochromes and pteridines?

A

Ommochromes and pteridines are for yellow pigments in mollusks and arthropods while green coloration is produced by yellow pigment overlying blue structural color.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are Iridophores?

A

Iridophores contain crystals of guanine, that produce silvery or metallic colors when they reflect light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

__________ deposit melanin in growing hair of mammals and give the general dull colors of most mammalian species

A

Dermal melanophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are Dermal melanophores?

A

They are specialized pigment-containing cells found in the dermis in many animals. These cells are responsible for pigment regulation of melanin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Provide support, rigidity, and protection of delicate organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

These skeletons are not rigid and instead use their body fluids

A

Hydrostatic skeletons of invertebrates

33
Q

What is locomotion?

A

The movement of an organism from one place to another

34
Q

Muscular Hydrostats

A

Structures that lack any obvious skeletal support but is capable of bending, twisting, and lifting heavy objects

35
Q

Two kinds of rigid skeletons

A

Exoskeleton and Endoskeleton

36
Q

Echinoderm

A

A marine invertebrate

37
Q

Which animals are endoskeletons found?

A

Echinoderms and vertebrates

38
Q

What is the Notochord?

A

The Notochord is a semi-rigid supportive axial rod of protochordates and vertebrate larvae

39
Q

Protochordates

A

A group of marine animals that are the closest living relatives of vertebrates

40
Q

Function of the notochord

A

It acts as a stiffening structure to maintain body shape during locomotion

41
Q

Describe Cartilage

A

Cartilage is a strong and flexible tissue that provides cushion and support for different parts of the body such as our nose, ears, and joints

42
Q

Three types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, and Fibrocartilage

43
Q

Hyalin Cartilage

A

Clear, glassy, and flexible cartilage, found in nose and joints for smooth join movement and support.

44
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Stretchy, yellow cartilage found in ears and larynx (voice box) to maintain its shape and flexibility

45
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Tough, dense cartilage found in spinal discs, and tendons for strength and shock absorption

46
Q

Describe bone

A

Bone is living tissue with significant deposits of inorganic calcium salts in an extra cellular matrix of collagen fibers in protein-carbohydrate gel

47
Q

Bones are as strong as cast iron and also as heavy

A

FALSE, bones are as strong as cast iron but only one-third of its weight due o its structural organization

48
Q

Process of bone development

A

Endochondral bone replacement

49
Q

Two types of bones and their differences

A

Spongy and Compact Bones. Compact bones are formed from spongy bones and are denser.

50
Q

Cell destruction and Cell building

A

Osteoclasts (cell destruction) / Osteoblasts (Cell Building)

51
Q

Hormones involved in bone growth

A

Parathyroid hormone, Calcitonin, and vitamin D3 maintain constant blood calcium levels

52
Q

What does the Axial skeleton include?

A

Skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs

53
Q

What does the Appendicular Skeleton include?

A

Bones of limbs along with pectoral and pelvic girdles

54
Q

Cephalization

A

The sense organs, nervous control center, and so on are concentrated at the front end of the animal -producing a head region.

55
Q

Vertebrate skulls have ________

A

Vertebrate skulls have increased concentration of brain, sense organs, and food gathering apparatus

56
Q

Vertebral column is ________

A

Vertebral column is the main stiffening axis and serves as points for muscle attachment while preserving body shape

57
Q

Humans have _______, ________, and _______.

A

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and 5 lumbar vertebrae

58
Q

Describe the two cervical vertebrae

A

It is found in all vertebrates, the atlas supports the skull while allowing it to pivot and the axis allows the head to turn side-to-side

59
Q

Describe Ribs

A

Ribs are either long or short skeletal structures that connect medially with the spine and extend into the body wall

60
Q

Two pairs of ____ limbs

A

Two pairs of pentadactyl limbs that are supported by respective girdles

61
Q

Animal movements relies on this fundamental mechanism

A

Contractile proteins (actin and myosin)

62
Q

Three types of animal movement

A

Ameboid (unicellular), Cillia and Flagella (unicellular eukaryotes), Muscular (muscle fibers)

63
Q

Three types of Vertebrate Muscles

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles

64
Q

Describe Skeletal muscles

A

Skeletal muscles are striated (striped appearance) with alternating dark and light bands and are multi nucleated, they are responsible for voluntary movement for eyes, trunk, and bicep.

65
Q

Describe Cardiac Muscle

A

Cardiac muscles make up the heart and are striated like skeletal muscles but are involuntary

66
Q

Describe Smooth Muscle

A

Smooth muscle lacks striations and cells are much smaller and has a single, central nucleus found in stomach and intestines

67
Q

Types of Invertebrate Muscles

A

Smooth, Striated, and Oblique Striated muscles

68
Q

____________ molluscan muscle fibers are of two types

A

Bivalve molluscan muscle fibers are of two types -striated and smooth muscles

69
Q

The structure of striated muscle

A

Each cell or fiber is a multi nucleated tube with myofibrils packed together and wrapped around by a cel membrane called the sarcolemma

70
Q

Myofibrils contains?

A

Myofibrils contains two filaments of proteins: myosin and actin

71
Q

Why do muscles contract?

A

Muscles contract in response to nerve control and stimulation

72
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

It is made up of the motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers supplied by the neuron’s axon terminals

73
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

It is the bridge between a nerve and a muscle where the nerves releases acetylcholine that crosses a gap (synaptic cleft) to reach the muscle -causing it to contract

74
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

ATP is produced through a process known as Aerobic metabolism wherein glucose is taken from your blood and converted into ATP.

75
Q

What the stored form of glucose?

A

Glycogen, it is made up of polysaccharide chain of glucose molecules

76
Q

Other than Glycogen, what is another energy reserve of muscles?

A

Creatine Phosphate -which is stored during rest and helps convert ADP to ATP

77
Q

What are white muscles?

A

Also known as Fast glycolytic fibers, they lack efficient blood supply and are used for short bursts of power

78
Q

Importance of Tendons

A

Tendons store elastic strain energy when they are stretched such as during walking and running like a spring

Zoology Lecture (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions