Integumentary System Flashcards
Define the Integumentary System
The integumentary is a protective outer cover that includes the skin, hair, setae, scales, feathers, and horns.
Characteristics of the Integumentary System
It is tough and pliable for protection against external harm. It helps prevent water loss and gain.
The Integument of Endothermic and Ectothermic types of animals do not have variations
FALSE, they do have variations.
Name Five Functions of the Integumentary System
They help in temperature regulation, respiration, excretion of waste, camouflage/pigmentation, and secrete molecules.
Arthropods have a _____ called the _____ that secretes a ______.
Arthropods have a single-layered epidermis called the hypodermis that secretes a double layered cuticle
What are the two zones of the cuticle?
The inner zone is called the procuticle and the outer zone is called the epicuticle
Purpose of the two zones of the cuticle of Arthropods
The procuticle is made of protein and it provides strength and protection. The epicuticle is made of proteins AND lipids, it also provides a moisture-proofing/water-proofing barrier.
What is water proofing?
Water proofing is adaptations or mechanisms that help creatures prevent excessive water loss or damage due to moisture or water-related challenges.
Explain Calcification
Calcification is a way for decapods to harden their cuticle, they achieve calcification through deposition of calcium carbonate in the outer layer of the procuticle.
Explain Sclerotization
Sclerotization is the formation of cross-linkages between protein molecules found in the procuticle lamellae, resulting in sclerotin, a material resistant to damage and insoluble in water.
Explain Molting
Molting begins with epidermal cells dividing by mitosis, the new epicuticle and procuticle beneath the old cuticle is formed. Once shed, the new cuticle is calcified or sclerotized.
Layers of the basic vertebrate integument
The thin, outer stratified epithelial layer called the epidermis and the inner, thicker layer called dermis.
Where does the epidermis derive from and give examples
The epidermis derived from the ectoderm (outermost germ layer in animals) and examples are the hair, feathers, claws, and hooves.
Where does the dermis derive from and give examples
The dermis derives from the mesoderm, it gives rise to scales, armor of crocodiles, shells of turtles, antlers, and bony horns.
What is the dermis composed of ?
The dermis is composed of dense connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerves, fat cells, and fibroblasts.
What kind of epithelium tissue is the Epidermis made of?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Explain Keratinization
In the Epidermis, tough fibrous protein (keratin) builds up in the interior of cells, as they get older these old cells die and become cornified.
What is the stratum corneum?
A stratum corneum is formed when cornified cells come together to create a tough layer resistant to abrasion and water diffusion. It is responsible for calluses and footpads of mammals.
What does the dermis do?
It supports, cushions, and nourishes the epidermis.
Where can you find chromatophores?
found in the integument of some animals such as crustaceans and ectothermic vertebrates.
What are the functions of Chromatophores?
Chromatophores are responsible for the color and pattern of the skin, these pigments may concentrate in the center or be dispersed throughout the cell.
What are the different types of Pigment?
Melanin Pigments, Carotenoid Pigments, Ommochromes and pteridines, and Iridophores.
What are melanin pigments?
Melanin pigments are the most common type of pigment, they are responsible for earth-colored shades (usually black or brown polymers) found in melanocytes or melanophores
What are Carotenoid pigments?
Carotenoid pigments impart/convey yellow and red colors found inside xanthophores (fishes and crustaceans)
What are crustaceans?
Large class of mostly-water dwelling arthropods (lobsters, shrimps, and crabs)
Define an Arthropod
An inverse rate animal having a segmented body, jointed limbs, and a shell that is shed periodically
What are Ommochromes and pteridines?
Ommochromes and pteridines are for yellow pigments in mollusks and arthropods while green coloration is produced by yellow pigment overlying blue structural color.
What are Iridophores?
Iridophores contain crystals of guanine, that produce silvery or metallic colors when they reflect light
__________ deposit melanin in growing hair of mammals and give the general dull colors of most mammalian species
Dermal melanophores
What are Dermal melanophores?
They are specialized pigment-containing cells found in the dermis in many animals. These cells are responsible for pigment regulation of melanin.
Functions of the skeletal system
Provide support, rigidity, and protection of delicate organs
These skeletons are not rigid and instead use their body fluids
Hydrostatic skeletons of invertebrates
What is locomotion?
The movement of an organism from one place to another
Muscular Hydrostats
Structures that lack any obvious skeletal support but is capable of bending, twisting, and lifting heavy objects
Two kinds of rigid skeletons
Exoskeleton and Endoskeleton
Echinoderm
A marine invertebrate
Which animals are endoskeletons found?
Echinoderms and vertebrates
What is the Notochord?
The Notochord is a semi-rigid supportive axial rod of protochordates and vertebrate larvae
Protochordates
A group of marine animals that are the closest living relatives of vertebrates
Function of the notochord
It acts as a stiffening structure to maintain body shape during locomotion
Describe Cartilage
Cartilage is a strong and flexible tissue that provides cushion and support for different parts of the body such as our nose, ears, and joints
Three types of Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, and Fibrocartilage
Hyalin Cartilage
Clear, glassy, and flexible cartilage, found in nose and joints for smooth join movement and support.
Elastic Cartilage
Stretchy, yellow cartilage found in ears and larynx (voice box) to maintain its shape and flexibility
Fibrocartilage
Tough, dense cartilage found in spinal discs, and tendons for strength and shock absorption
Describe bone
Bone is living tissue with significant deposits of inorganic calcium salts in an extra cellular matrix of collagen fibers in protein-carbohydrate gel
Bones are as strong as cast iron and also as heavy
FALSE, bones are as strong as cast iron but only one-third of its weight due o its structural organization
Process of bone development
Endochondral bone replacement
Two types of bones and their differences
Spongy and Compact Bones. Compact bones are formed from spongy bones and are denser.
Cell destruction and Cell building
Osteoclasts (cell destruction) / Osteoblasts (Cell Building)
Hormones involved in bone growth
Parathyroid hormone, Calcitonin, and vitamin D3 maintain constant blood calcium levels
What does the Axial skeleton include?
Skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs
What does the Appendicular Skeleton include?
Bones of limbs along with pectoral and pelvic girdles
Cephalization
The sense organs, nervous control center, and so on are concentrated at the front end of the animal -producing a head region.
Vertebrate skulls have ________
Vertebrate skulls have increased concentration of brain, sense organs, and food gathering apparatus
Vertebral column is ________
Vertebral column is the main stiffening axis and serves as points for muscle attachment while preserving body shape
Humans have _______, ________, and _______.
7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and 5 lumbar vertebrae
Describe the two cervical vertebrae
It is found in all vertebrates, the atlas supports the skull while allowing it to pivot and the axis allows the head to turn side-to-side
Describe Ribs
Ribs are either long or short skeletal structures that connect medially with the spine and extend into the body wall
Two pairs of ____ limbs
Two pairs of pentadactyl limbs that are supported by respective girdles
Animal movements relies on this fundamental mechanism
Contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
Three types of animal movement
Ameboid (unicellular), Cillia and Flagella (unicellular eukaryotes), Muscular (muscle fibers)
Three types of Vertebrate Muscles
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles
Describe Skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles are striated (striped appearance) with alternating dark and light bands and are multi nucleated, they are responsible for voluntary movement for eyes, trunk, and bicep.
Describe Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscles make up the heart and are striated like skeletal muscles but are involuntary
Describe Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscle lacks striations and cells are much smaller and has a single, central nucleus found in stomach and intestines
Types of Invertebrate Muscles
Smooth, Striated, and Oblique Striated muscles
____________ molluscan muscle fibers are of two types
Bivalve molluscan muscle fibers are of two types -striated and smooth muscles
The structure of striated muscle
Each cell or fiber is a multi nucleated tube with myofibrils packed together and wrapped around by a cel membrane called the sarcolemma
Myofibrils contains?
Myofibrils contains two filaments of proteins: myosin and actin
Why do muscles contract?
Muscles contract in response to nerve control and stimulation
What is a motor unit?
It is made up of the motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers supplied by the neuron’s axon terminals
Neuromuscular junction
It is the bridge between a nerve and a muscle where the nerves releases acetylcholine that crosses a gap (synaptic cleft) to reach the muscle -causing it to contract
How is ATP produced?
ATP is produced through a process known as Aerobic metabolism wherein glucose is taken from your blood and converted into ATP.
What the stored form of glucose?
Glycogen, it is made up of polysaccharide chain of glucose molecules
Other than Glycogen, what is another energy reserve of muscles?
Creatine Phosphate -which is stored during rest and helps convert ADP to ATP
What are white muscles?
Also known as Fast glycolytic fibers, they lack efficient blood supply and are used for short bursts of power
Importance of Tendons
Tendons store elastic strain energy when they are stretched such as during walking and running like a spring
