Digestion and Nutrition Flashcards
Green plants are ________ organisms that are mostly ________ while others ________
autotrophic, chlorophyll-bearing phototrophs, chemotrophs
Two types of autotrophs and their differences
Phototrophs and Chemotrophs.
Phototrophs gain energy from the sun; Chemotrophs gain energy from carbon dioxide.
What kind of nutrition type are animals? Explain.
Heterotrophic, they cannot produce their own food and instead, eats other plants and animals.
Animals that feed on dead or decaying organic matter
Saprophagous (crabs, lobster, flies, beetles, butterflies)
What happens to food that is reduced by digestion?
Absorbed and transported to the body tissues > Assimilated into the structure of cells > Oxidized to yield energy and heat > Stored for future use
Undigested material is egested as ______
Feces
Two kinds of digestion
Mechanical and Chemical
What happens during digestion in sponges and protozoa?
It occurs intracellularly and food particles are phagocytized.
Ocean drifting microscopic particles consist of?
Plankton and organic debris
What are Filter feeders?
They use ciliated surfaces to draw drifting food particles into their mouth. Many use mucous sheets while others use sweeping movements.
What is particulate feeding?
A feeding strategy where organisms consume solid particles suspended in the surrounding medium, such as water or air.
Deposit Feeding
Obtaining food by extracting organic material or detritus (debris) from the substrate (the material or surface on which they live or feed).
It is an annelid (segmented worm) that is an example of a deposit feeder. It stretches out its feeding tentacles across the surface.
Amphitrite
Also known as crushing or chewing
Mastication
Four types of teeth and their functions
Incisors (Biting, striping), Canines (Tearing, piercing), Premolars and molars (Grinding, crushing)
Herbivores: Usually lack _____ but have well-developed _____
Canines, molars
What is Mammalian Dentition?
Arrangement of teeth found in mammals.
Parasites use an _____ to keep blood from clotting.
anticoagulant
The process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle
Phagocytosis
Also known as the digestive system
Alimentary System
Enzymes that use water to split complex molecules in hydrolysis
Hydrolytic Enzymes
Also known as the digestive tract
Alimentary Canal
What does gut movement do to the gut content?
Segmentation
What is the alternative name of specialized musculature, and explain the process
Peristalsis uses waves of contraction -moving food down the gut
What are the macronutrients, and what are they broken down to?
Proteins into Amino Acids, Carbohydrates to simple sugars, Fats to glycerol and fatty acids
Movements of the _____ and _____ prevent food from
entering respiratory passageways
soft palate, epiglottis
What are the parts of the receiving region of the Alimentary canal?
Mouthparts (mandibles, jaws, teeth, radula, etc.), Inner Chambers (Oral Cavity & Pharynx), and salivary glands
Explain the transport of food through the digestive tract
The digestive tract uses specialized musculature for movement from the mouth to the stomach and cilia in the small intestine
Variations of Salivary Glands
Release toxins for catching prey, leech saliva to prevent blood coagulation, and salivary amylase to break down carbs
The insect _____ has ______ teeth
proventriculus, chitinous teeth
Crustaceans have a _____
gastric mill, stomach with teeth
What is the gizzard?
A muscular organ in the digestive system of some animals that mechanically grinds and breaks down food into smaller, digestible particles.
They supplement the stomach and secrete enzymes and/or absorb
nutrients
Digestive diverticula
They open and close passages in the body to regulate the flow of substances.
Sphincters
Food is released into the intestine by the _____
Pyloric sphincter
What do Chief cells and Parietal cells secrete?
Chief cells = Pepsinogen, Parietal cells = Hydrochloric acid
a milk-curdling enzyme
Rennin
Stimulus for increased secretion of gastric juices
Sight of food, presence of food in stomach, during emotional distress
Region of Terminal Digestion and Absorption
The Intestine
Region of Grinding and Early Digestion
Vertebra stomach, Insect proventriculus, Crustacean gastric mill
Conduction and Storage Region of the
Alimentary Canal
The esophagus is expanded into a crop, a food storage area
_____ are small, bulging pouches that can form in the lining of your digestive system
Diverticula
Name of the initial segment of the small intestine and what occurs
duodenum, Pancreatic juice, and bile are added to this segment to neutralize the acidic content of the stomach
Bile is secreted by the _____ and stored and released by the _____ bladder
Liver, gall bladder
Functions of Liver
Storehouse for glycogen, produces proteins, detoxifies protein wastes, and destroys worn-out red blood cells
Occurs after meals when intestinal concentrations are highest
Facilitated Transport
Specialized for heat generation
Brown Fat
Heat production in organisms
Thermogenesis
Alternative name for body fat
Adipose
Comprises the bulk of body fat
and is derived from surplus carbohydrates and fats
White Adipose Tissue
What is Gastrin?
Gastrin is a hormone produced by the stomach and duodenum that stimulates gastric acid secretion and helps regulate the digestive process.
Complimentary hormones that aid in digestion
Gastrin, Cholecystokinin, and Secretin
What does Cholecystokinin do?
It stimulates release of bile and pancreatic secretions
It stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes, helping to neutralize acidic chyme and aid in digestion.
Secretin
Membrane Enzymes
Aminopeptidase, Disaccharidases, Alkaline phosphatase, and Nucleotidases and nucleosidases
A hunger center in the _____ and _____ regulates the intake of food
hypothalamus, brain stem
Vitamins classified as either _____ or ______
fat or water soluble
Water-soluble vitamins include the _____ and _____
B complex, Vitamin C
Almost all animals need vitamin _
Vitamin B
Vitamins are synthesized by animals
False, vitamins are not synthesized by animals but obtained from their diet
Required for anions and cations of body fluids and to form structural components
Inorganic Salts
Necessary as fuels for energy and for the synthesis of various substances
Carbohydrates and fats
Needed for synthesis of species-specific proteins and other nitrogenous compound
Amino acid units of proteins
Region of Water Absorption and Concentration of Solids
Large Intestine
Degrade RNA and DNA to nucleotides
Nucleases
Starch-splitting enzyme identical to salivary amylase
Pancreatic amylase
Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Pancreatic lipase
Removes amino acids from carboxyl ends of polypeptides
Carboxypeptidase
Proteases that split apart peptide bonds
Trypsin and chymotrypsin
Mesenteries
