Integumentary System

Question 1

Give the parts of a nail

Answer 1

Edge of nail, name plate, lateral nail fold, Lunula, cuticle, proximal nail fold

Question 2

Integumentary System Functions (5)

Answer 2

1. Protection.
2. Sensation.
3. Vitamin D production.
4. Temperature regulation.
5. Excretion.

Question 3

Epidermis
* The __________, the most
superficial stratum of the
epidermis, consists of dead
squamous cells filled with
keratin. Keratin gives the stratum
corneum its structural strength.
Cells of the deepest strata
perform mitosis.
As new cells form, they push
older cells to the surface, where
they slough, or flake off.

Answer 3

stratum corneum

Question 4

cuboidal or
columnar cells, mitosis every 19
days

Answer 4

Stratum basale

Question 5

flat; lamellar
bodies (lipid filled vesicles)

Answer 5

Stratum spinosum

Question 6

flat ,
diamond shaped; grainy appearance

Answer 6

Stratum granulosum

Question 7

– cells have no
nuclei ; present in certain areas of
body

Answer 7

Stratum lucidum

Question 8

– consist of dead
squamous cells filled w/ keratin; cells
are coated w/ lipid that prevents fluid
loss

Answer 8

Stratum corneum

Question 9

Skin is classified based on the structure of Epidermis
Thickness is based on # of epidermal strata present
Thick Skin - + all 5 strata
- found in areas subject to pressure or friction
(palm, soles, fingertips)
Thin Skin – lacks stratum lucidum; covers rest of the body

Question 10

dense collagenous connective tissue containing
fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages.
Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and
lymphatic vessels extend into the dermis.
Collagen fibers, oriented in many directions, and
elastic fibers are responsible for the structural strength
of the dermis and resistance to stretch.

Answer 10

Dermis

Question 11

!!!!
Some collagen fibers are oriented
in more directions than others,
forming CLEAVAGE LINES.
Cleavage lines, or tension lines, in
the skin, are more resistant to stretch.
An incision made parallel with these lines tends to gap less and produce less scar tissue. If the skin is overstretched for any
reason, the dermis can be
damaged, leaving STRETCH MARK

Question 12

Dermis 3

_________ are projections toward the epidermis
found in the upper part of the dermis.
The dermal papillae contain many blood vessels that
supplies epidermis w/ nutrients, removes waste products,
regulates body temperature
The dermal papillae in the palms of the hands, the soles of
the feet, and the tips of the digits are arranged in parallel,
curving ridges that shape the overlying epidermis into
friction ridges -> impressions in fingerprint & footprint
-increases friction, improve grip of hands and feet

Answer 12

Dermal papillae

Question 13

Skin Color 1

Factors that determine skin color include pigments in the
skin, blood circulating through the skin, and the thickness
of the stratum corneum.

The two primary pigments are________

_______ is the group of pigments primarily responsible for
skin, hair, and eye color.
________ is a yellow pigment found in plants such as
squash and carrots.

Answer 13

melanin and carotene.

Question 14

Most melanin molecules are
brown to black pigments, but some are yellowish or reddish.

Melanin provides protection
against ultraviolet light from the sun.

Melanin is produced by
melanocytes and then packaged into vesicles called melanosomes, which move into the cell processes of melanocytes.

Epithelial cells phagocytize the tips of the melanocyte cell processes, thereby acquiring
melanosomes.

Question 15

Genetic factors are responsible for the amount of melanin produced resulting in variation in skin color

Exposure to ultraviolet light—for example, in sunlight—
stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production.

The result is a suntan.
Although many genes are responsible for skin color, a
single mutation can prevent the production of melanin

Question 16

-deficiency or absence of melanin resulting in fair skin,
white hair, and unpigmented irises in the eye

Answer 16

Albinism

Question 17

• results from increased melanin production when
  exposed to UV light

Answer 17

Suntan

Question 18

– due to increased melanin
production stimulated by estrogen and melanocyte
stimulating hormone

Answer 18

Mask of pregnancy

Question 19

• is lipid-soluble; when consumed, it accumulates
  in the lipids of the stratum corneum and in the adipocytes of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue
  If large amounts are consumed, the skin can
  become quite yellowish.

Answer 19

Carotene

Question 20

The subcutaneous tissue,
which is not part of the skin,
is sometimes called
_________

Answer 20

hypodermis.

Question 21

The _______________
attaches the skin to
underlying bone and muscle
and supplies it with blood
vessels and nerves.
It is loose connective tissue,
including adipose tissue that
contains about half the
body’s stored lipids.

Answer 21

subcutaneous tissue

Question 22

Subcutaneous Tissue 2

• The amount and location of adipose tissue vary with age,
  sex, and diet.
  Adipose tissue in the subcutaneous tissue functions as
  padding and insulation.
  The subcutaneous tissue can be used to estimate total
  body fat.
  The acceptable percentage of body fat varies from 21% to
  30% for females and from 13% to 25% for males.

Question 23

Skin Cancer

Most common cancer
Mainly caused by UV light exposure
Fair-skinned people more prone
Prevented by limiting sun exposure and using sunscreens
UVA rays cause tan and is associated with malignant
melanomas
UVB rays cause sunburns
Sunscreens should block UVA and UVB rays

Question 24

3 Types of Skin Cancer

Answer 24

Basal cell carcinoma:

Squamous cell carcinoma:

Malignant melanoma:

Question 25

Type of skin cancer cells in stratum basale affected, forms ulcer cancer removed by surgery

Answer 25

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 26

Type of skin cancer? cells above stratum basale affected Cells continue to divide as they produce keratin -> nodular keratinized tumor

Answer 26

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 27

Type of skin cancer? arises from melanocytes in a mole rare type, fatal Appear as large flat lesion, pigmented nodule

Answer 27

Malignant melanoma:

Question 28

In humans, hair is found everywhere on the skin, except on the palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of the genitalia, and the distal segments of the fingers and toes. * Each hair arises from a _________, an invagination of the epidermis that extends deep into the dermis. _________ protrudes above the surface of the skin; the ________ is below the surface and the ________ is the expanded base of the root.

Answer 28

1. hair follicle 2. hair shaft 3. root 4. hair bulb

Question 29

Each hair originates from the bottom of a tubular invagination, or hair follicle, of the germinative layer of the epidermis into the dermis. A cluster of cells called the ________ is present at the base of the follicle.

Answer 29

hair papilla or bulb

Question 30

during the GROWTH STAGE, hair is formed by mitosis of epithelial cells within the hair bulb; these cells divide and undergo keratinization. During the RESTING STAGE, growth stops and the hair is held in the hair follicle. When the next growth stage begins, a new hair is formed and the old hair falls out.

Question 31

HUMAN HAIR GROWTH 2-6 years 1-2 weeks 5-6 weeks

Answer 31

Anagen Catagen Telogen

Question 32

Each hair follicle is attached to smooth muscle cells called the __________, which can contract and cause the hair to become perpendicular to the skin’s surface.

Answer 32

arrector pili muscle

Question 32

The major glands of the skin are the sebaceous glands and the sweat glands. Sebaceous glands are simple, branched acinar glands, with most being connected by a duct to the superficial part of a hair follicle. They produce _______, an oily, white substance rich in lipids. The sebum is released by holocrine secretion and lubricates the hair and the surface of the skin, which prevents drying and protects against some bacteria.

Answer 32

sebum

Question 33

Two kinds of sweat glands?

Answer 33

Eccrine and Apoccrine

Question 34

_________ are simple, coiled, tubular glands and release sweat by merocrine secretion. *located in almost every part of the skin but most numerous in the palms and soles. *They produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few salts

Answer 34

Eccrine sweat glands

Question 35

_________ are simple, coiled, tubular glands that produce a thick secretion rich in organic substances released by merocrine secretion and some holocrine secretion The glands open into hair follicles in the armpits and genitalia. * become active at puberty because of the influence of sex hormones. The secretion generally is odorless, but when released quickly breaks down by bacterial action giving body odor.

Answer 35

Apocrine sweat glands

Question 36

Nail – thin plate of layers of stratum corneum cells containing hard type of keratin Nail body – visible part Nail Root – part covered by skin Cuticle / Eponychium – stratum corneum extending to the nail body Nail Matrix and Nail Bed – stratum basale that give rise to cells that form the nail Lunula – part of matrix, crescent shaped area at base of nail

Question 37

Diagnostic Aid * The integumentary system is useful in diagnosis because it is observed easily. _______- bluish color indication of impaired circulatory or respiratory function. A yellowish skin color, called________, can occur when the liver is damaged by a disease, such as viral hepatitis. ________ – reddish rash on skin from toxins released by bacteria in blood _________ – sandpaper texture of skin due to excess keratin production _________ – nails are flat/ concave spoon shaped

Answer 37

Cyanosis jaundice Scarlet Fever Vitamin A deficiency Iron Deficiency Anemia

Question 38

________is injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

Answer 38

Burn

Question 39

Burns are classified according to their depth. _________ burns are classified as first-degree and second-degree. _________ burn is a third-degree burn.

Answer 39

Partial-thickness A full-thickness

Question 40

(superficial) burn involves only the epidermis and is red and painful. * Slight edema, or swelling, may be present. * They can be caused by sunburn or brief exposure to very hot or very cold objects, and they heal without scarring in about a week.

Answer 40

First Degree Burn

Question 41

(partial-thickness) burns damage both the epidermis and the dermis. If dermal damage is minimal, symptoms include redness, pain, edema, and blisters. Healing takes about 2 weeks, and no scarring results. If the burn goes deep into the dermis, the wound appears red, tan, or white; can take several months to heal and might scar

Answer 41

Second-degree Burn

Question 42

(full-thickness) burns damage the complete epidermis and dermis. The region of third-degree burn is usually painless because sensory receptors in the epidermis and dermis have been destroyed. Third-degree burns appear white, tan, brown, black, or deep cherry red.

Answer 42

Third-degree

Question 43

Affects deeper tissues, damage bone, muscle Painless due to destruction of pain receptors Requires amputation

Answer 43

Fourth Degree Burns

Question 44

In a procedure called a_______, the epidermis and part of the dermis are removed from another part of the body and placed over the burn

Answer 44

split skin graft