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HAPP LEC > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Give the parts of a nail

A

Edge of nail, name plate, lateral nail fold, Lunula, cuticle, proximal nail fold

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2
Q

Integumentary System Functions (5)

A
  1. Protection.
  2. Sensation.
  3. Vitamin D production.
  4. Temperature regulation.
  5. Excretion.
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3
Q

Epidermis
* The __________, the most
superficial stratum of the
epidermis, consists of dead
squamous cells filled with
keratin. Keratin gives the stratum
corneum its structural strength.
Cells of the deepest strata
perform mitosis.
As new cells form, they push
older cells to the surface, where
they slough, or flake off.

A

stratum corneum

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4
Q

cuboidal or
columnar cells, mitosis every 19
days

A

Stratum basale

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5
Q

flat; lamellar
bodies (lipid filled vesicles)

A

Stratum spinosum

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6
Q

flat ,
diamond shaped; grainy appearance

A

Stratum granulosum

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7
Q

– cells have no
nuclei ; present in certain areas of
body

A

Stratum lucidum

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8
Q

– consist of dead
squamous cells filled w/ keratin; cells
are coated w/ lipid that prevents fluid
loss

A

Stratum corneum

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9
Q

Skin is classified based on the structure of Epidermis
Thickness is based on # of epidermal strata present
Thick Skin - + all 5 strata
- found in areas subject to pressure or friction
(palm, soles, fingertips)
Thin Skin – lacks stratum lucidum; covers rest of the body

A
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10
Q

dense collagenous connective tissue containing
fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages.
Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and
lymphatic vessels extend into the dermis.
Collagen fibers, oriented in many directions, and
elastic fibers are responsible for the structural strength
of the dermis and resistance to stretch.

A

Dermis

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11
Q

!!!!
Some collagen fibers are oriented
in more directions than others,
forming CLEAVAGE LINES.
Cleavage lines, or tension lines, in
the skin, are more resistant to stretch.
An incision made parallel with these lines tends to gap less and produce less scar tissue. If the skin is overstretched for any
reason, the dermis can be
damaged, leaving STRETCH MARK

A
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12
Q

Dermis 3

_________ are projections toward the epidermis
found in the upper part of the dermis.
The dermal papillae contain many blood vessels that
supplies epidermis w/ nutrients, removes waste products,
regulates body temperature
The dermal papillae in the palms of the hands, the soles of
the feet, and the tips of the digits are arranged in parallel,
curving ridges that shape the overlying epidermis into
friction ridges -> impressions in fingerprint & footprint
-increases friction, improve grip of hands and feet

A

Dermal papillae

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13
Q

Skin Color 1

Factors that determine skin color include pigments in the
skin, blood circulating through the skin, and the thickness
of the stratum corneum.

The two primary pigments are________

_______ is the group of pigments primarily responsible for
skin, hair, and eye color.
________ is a yellow pigment found in plants such as
squash and carrots.

A

melanin and carotene.

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14
Q

Most melanin molecules are
brown to black pigments, but some are yellowish or reddish.

Melanin provides protection
against ultraviolet light from the sun.

Melanin is produced by
melanocytes and then packaged into vesicles called melanosomes, which move into the cell processes of melanocytes.

Epithelial cells phagocytize the tips of the melanocyte cell processes, thereby acquiring
melanosomes.

A
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15
Q

Genetic factors are responsible for the amount of melanin produced resulting in variation in skin color

Exposure to ultraviolet light—for example, in sunlight—
stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production.

The result is a suntan.
Although many genes are responsible for skin color, a
single mutation can prevent the production of melanin

A
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16
Q

-deficiency or absence of melanin resulting in fair skin,
white hair, and unpigmented irises in the eye

A

Albinism

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17
Q
  • results from increased melanin production when
    exposed to UV light
A

Suntan

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18
Q

– due to increased melanin
production stimulated by estrogen and melanocyte
stimulating hormone

A

Mask of pregnancy

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19
Q
  • is lipid-soluble; when consumed, it accumulates
    in the lipids of the stratum corneum and in the adipocytes of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue
    If large amounts are consumed, the skin can
    become quite yellowish.
A

Carotene

20
Q

The subcutaneous tissue,
which is not part of the skin,
is sometimes called
_________

A

hypodermis.

21
Q

The _______________
attaches the skin to
underlying bone and muscle
and supplies it with blood
vessels and nerves.
It is loose connective tissue,
including adipose tissue that
contains about half the
body’s stored lipids.

A

subcutaneous tissue

22
Q

Subcutaneous Tissue 2

  • The amount and location of adipose tissue vary with age,
    sex, and diet.
    Adipose tissue in the subcutaneous tissue functions as
    padding and insulation.
    The subcutaneous tissue can be used to estimate total
    body fat.
    The acceptable percentage of body fat varies from 21% to
    30% for females and from 13% to 25% for males.
A
23
Q

Skin Cancer

Most common cancer
Mainly caused by UV light exposure
Fair-skinned people more prone
Prevented by limiting sun exposure and using sunscreens
UVA rays cause tan and is associated with malignant
melanomas
UVB rays cause sunburns
Sunscreens should block UVA and UVB rays

A
24
Q

3 Types of Skin Cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma:

Squamous cell carcinoma:

Malignant melanoma:

25
Q

Type of skin cancer

cells in stratum basale affected, forms ulcer
cancer removed by surgery

A

Basal cell carcinoma

26
Q

Type of skin cancer?

cells above stratum basale affected
Cells continue to divide as they produce keratin -> nodular keratinized tumor

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

27
Q

Type of skin cancer?

arises from melanocytes in a mole
rare type, fatal
Appear as large flat lesion, pigmented nodule

A

Malignant melanoma:

28
Q

In humans, hair is found everywhere
on the skin, except on the palms,
soles, lips, nipples, parts of the
genitalia, and the distal segments of
the fingers and toes.
* Each hair arises from a _________, an
invagination of the epidermis that
extends deep into the dermis.
_________ protrudes above the surface of
the skin; the ________ is below the surface
and the ________ is the expanded base of
the root.

A
  1. hair follicle
  2. hair shaft
  3. root
  4. hair bulb
29
Q

Each hair originates from the bottom of a tubular invagination, or hair follicle, of the germinative layer of the epidermis into the dermis.

A cluster of cells called the ________ is
present at the base of the follicle.

A

hair papilla or bulb

30
Q

during the GROWTH STAGE, hair is formed by mitosis of epithelial cells within the hair bulb; these cells divide and
undergo keratinization.
During the RESTING STAGE, growth stops and the hair is
held in the hair follicle.
When the next growth stage begins, a new hair is formed
and the old hair falls out.

A
31
Q

HUMAN HAIR GROWTH

2-6 years
1-2 weeks
5-6 weeks

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

32
Q

Each hair follicle is attached to smooth muscle cells called
the __________, which can contract and cause
the hair to become perpendicular to the skin’s surface.

A

arrector pili muscle

32
Q

The major glands of the skin are the sebaceous glands and the sweat glands.
Sebaceous glands are simple, branched acinar glands, with most being connected by a duct to the superficial part
of a hair follicle.
They produce _______, an oily, white substance rich in
lipids.
The sebum is released by holocrine secretion and
lubricates the hair and the surface of the skin, which
prevents drying and protects against some bacteria.

A

sebum

33
Q

Two kinds of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine and Apoccrine

34
Q

_________ are simple, coiled, tubular glands
and release sweat by merocrine secretion.
*located in almost every part of the skin
but most numerous in the palms and soles.
*They produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few
salts

A

Eccrine sweat glands

35
Q

_________ are simple, coiled, tubular glands
that produce a thick secretion rich in organic substances released by merocrine secretion and some holocrine secretion
The glands open into hair follicles in the armpits and genitalia.
* become active at puberty because
of the influence of sex hormones.
The secretion generally is odorless, but when released quickly breaks down by bacterial action giving body odor.

A

Apocrine sweat glands

36
Q

Nail – thin plate of layers of stratum corneum cells containing hard type of
keratin
Nail body – visible part
Nail Root – part covered by skin
Cuticle / Eponychium – stratum corneum extending to the nail body
Nail Matrix and Nail Bed – stratum basale that give rise to cells that form
the nail
Lunula – part of matrix, crescent shaped area at base of nail

A
37
Q

Diagnostic Aid

  • The integumentary system is useful in diagnosis because
    it is observed easily.

_______- bluish color indication of impaired circulatory or
respiratory function.

A yellowish skin color, called________, can occur when the liver is damaged by a disease, such as viral hepatitis.

________ – reddish rash on skin from toxins released by bacteria in blood
_________ – sandpaper texture of skin due to
excess keratin production
_________ – nails are flat/ concave spoon
shaped

A

Cyanosis
jaundice
Scarlet Fever
Vitamin A deficiency
Iron Deficiency Anemia

38
Q

________is injury to a tissue
caused by heat, cold,
friction, chemicals,
electricity, or radiation.

A

Burn

39
Q

Burns are classified
according to their depth.
_________ burns are
classified as first-degree
and second-degree.
_________ burn is a
third-degree burn.

A

Partial-thickness
A full-thickness

40
Q

(superficial) burn involves only the
epidermis and is red and painful.
* Slight edema, or swelling, may be present.
* They can be caused by sunburn or brief exposure to very
hot or very cold objects, and they heal without scarring in
about a week.

A

First Degree Burn

41
Q

(partial-thickness) burns damage both the
epidermis and the dermis.
If dermal damage is minimal, symptoms include redness,
pain, edema, and blisters.
Healing takes about 2 weeks, and no scarring results.
If the burn goes deep into the dermis, the wound appears
red, tan, or white; can take several months to heal and
might scar

A

Second-degree Burn

42
Q

(full-thickness) burns damage the complete
epidermis and dermis.
The region of third-degree burn is usually painless
because sensory receptors in the epidermis and dermis
have been destroyed.
Third-degree burns appear white, tan, brown, black, or
deep cherry red.

A

Third-degree

43
Q

Affects deeper tissues, damage bone, muscle
Painless due to destruction of pain receptors
Requires amputation

A

Fourth Degree Burns

44
Q

In a procedure called a_______, the epidermis and
part of the dermis are removed from another part of the
body and placed over the burn

A

split skin graft

HAPP LEC (5 decks)

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