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HAPP LEC > Cell Structures And Their Function > Flashcards

Cell Structures And Their Function Flashcards

1
Q

Determine the form and functions of the human body and it is the basic living unit of all organisms
- simplest organism…single cell
-1/5 of the size of smallest dot you can make using sharp pencil
- highly organized unit and mostly specialized to perform specific functions

A

Cell

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2
Q

Insides of the cell

A

Intracellular

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3
Q

Outside of the cell

A

Extracellular

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4
Q

Functions of the cell?

A
  • Cell metabolism and energy use
  • synthesis and molecules
  • communication
  • reproduction and inheritance
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5
Q

Major parts of the cell

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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6
Q

Encloses the cytoplasm and forms the boundary between material inside the cell and material outside it

A

Plasma membrane

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7
Q

Acts as the selective barrier that determines what moves in and out of the cell
Plays a role in communication between cells

A

Plasma membrane

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8
Q

Cell membrane is made up of ———— that form a ———— layer of molecules

A

Phospholipids
Double

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9
Q

2 regions of phospholipids
Explain

A

Polar
- phosphate containing ends (hydrophilic)
- directed towards the fluid environment either inside or outside the cell

Non-polar
- fatty acids (hydrophobic)
Directed towards the center of the membrane

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10
Q

The membrane is composed of?

A

Bilayer of phospholipids
Cholesterol with proteins floating in the membrane

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11
Q

Contains the cell’s genetic material

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

Living material surrounding the nucleus
Jelly-like fluid that fills a cell
Material between cell membrane and the nucleus
Contains many types of organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

Little organs with specialized structure which performs specific function

A

Organelles

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14
Q

3 main organelles

A

Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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15
Q

Contains genetic material of cell [DNA] and nucleoli
Site RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

Location:
Near center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

Site of protein synthesis
where proteins are produced
protein builders

Location: Cytoplasm

A

Ribosome

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17
Q

Has many ribosomes attached
Site of protein synthesis

Location: Cytoplasm

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Site of lipid synthesis
Participates in detoxification

Location: Cytoplasm

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles
golgi complex
a series of closely packed membrane sacs that collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER

Location: Cytoplasm

A

Golgi apparatus

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20
Q

Contains materials produced in the cell
formed by golgi apparatus
Secreted by exocytosis

membrane bound sacs that carry substances from the golgi apparatus to the cell membrane, where the cesicle contents are released

Location: Cytoplasm

A

Secretory vesicles

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21
Q

Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell
destroys foreign materials

Location: Cytoplasm

A

Lysosome

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22
Q

Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis

Location: Cytoplasm

A

Mitochondrion

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23
Q

Supports cytoplasm
Assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella

Location: Cytoplasm

A

Microtubule

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24
Q

Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Location: Cytoplasm

A

Centrioles

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25
Q

Move substances over surfaces of certain cells

Location: Cell surface with many on each cell

A

Cilia

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26
Q

Propel sperm cells

Location: sperm cell surface with one per cell

A

Flagella

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27
Q

Increase surface area of certain cells

Location: extensions of cell surface with many on each cell

A

Microvilli

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28
Q

Parasite that have many flagella

A

Trichomonas Vaginalis

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29
Q

Cell membrane selectively determines what can pass in and out of the cell
——,——,——
Are found in higher concentrations INSIDE the cell

A

Enzymes, glycogen, potassium

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30
Q

Cell membrane selectively determines what can pass in and out of the cell
——,——,——
Are found in higher concentrations OUTSIDE the cell

A

Sodium, Calcium, Chloride

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31
Q

Does not require (ATP) the cell to expend energy

A

Passive membrane transport

32
Q

Examples of Passive membrane transport

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion

33
Q

Requires the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP

A

Active Membrane Transport

34
Q

Examples of active membrane transport

A

Active transport
secondary active transport
endocytosis
exocytosis

35
Q

A homogenous mixture composed of two or more substances

Substance dissolved

A substance that dissolves solute

A

Solution

Solute

Solvent

36
Q

Tendency for solutes to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of that solute in a solution

A

Diffusion

37
Q

Difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density

A

Concentration gradient

38
Q

Diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane (cell membrane) from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration

A

Osmosis

39
Q

Force required to prevent the movement of H2O across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmotic Pressure

40
Q

Types of osmotic pressure

A

Hypotonic solution
Isotonic solution
Hypertonic solution

41
Q

Lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of H2O than the cytoplasm of the cell
Solution has less osmotic pressure than the cell
H20 moves into the cell➡️ swell ➡️ rupture (lysis)➡️

A

Hypotonic solution

42
Q

Equal concentrations of various solutes and water on both sides of the cell membrane
Cell neither shrinks nor swells

A

Isotonic solution

43
Q

Higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell
H2O moves from the cell into the hypertonic solution
Cell shrinkage or crenation

A

Hypertonic solution

44
Q

The transport of large, water soluble molecules or electrically-charged ions across a membrane by means of a CARRIER MOLECULE
Exhibits specificity, only specific molecules are transported by the carriers

A

Carrier-mediated transport

45
Q

Moves substances across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of that substance
ATP is not required

A

Facilitated Diffusion

46
Q

Moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration against a concentration gradient
Requires ATP

P
I
S
O

A

Active transport
Potassium In Sodium Out

47
Q

Diffusion of a transported substance [NA+] down its concentration gradient that provides the energy to transport a second substance, (glucose) across the cell membrane

COTRANSPORT, both substances move in the same direction
COUNTER TRANSPORT, move in opposite directions

A

Secondary Active Transport

48
Q

Movement of materials into the cells by the formation of a vesicle
Process of cellular ingestion by which the plasma membrane folds inward to form a vesicle containing the material to be taken into the cell

A

Endocytosis

49
Q

Types of endocytosis
Explain

A

Phagocytosis (cell eating)- solid particles are ingested
Pinocytosis (cell drinking)- intake of liquid particles

Receptor-mediated endocytosis- movement/transport of a substance into the cell after binding with the receptor molecule

50
Q

Movement out of cells by vesicles
Allows the release/ secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation
Ex: secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas

A

Exocytosis

51
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does the nucleus contain?
Chromosomes are loosely coiled and collectively called?

A

23
Chromatin

52
Q

Diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane that are found within the nucleus; consist of RNA and proteins; and are the sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

A

Nucleoli

53
Q

Series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

54
Q

Contains enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

55
Q

Cells framework that are made of proteins

Give its 3 composition:

A

Cytoskeleton

Microtubule- largest diameter, support the cytoplasm,….
Microfilaments- smallest diameter, involves in the cell movement
Intermediate filaments- mid, provides mechanical support to the cell

56
Q

Small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus
Also called as microtubule organizing center

A

Centrosome

57
Q

Four building blocks of DNA
What are the base pairs?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

AT, CG

58
Q

A sequence of nucleotides that provides a chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein

A

Gene

59
Q

Has a unique double helix shape
Base, sugar, phosphate

A

Nucleotide

60
Q

2 steps in gene expression

A

Transcription- making a copy of a gene
Translation- converting that copied information into a protein

61
Q

CELL LIFE CYCLE STAGES

A
  1. Interphase
    - DNA replicated
  2. Prophase
    - the nuclear membrane breaks down and disappears
  3. Metaphase
    - chromosomes are moved to the equator
  4. Anaphase
    - sister chromatids separate and are moved towards opposite poles of the spindle by the spindle fibers
  5. Telophase
    - formation of 2 cells
62
Q

formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell

A

cell division

63
Q

sex cells necessary for reproduction are formed

A

meiosis

64
Q

new cells necessary for growth and tissue repair are formed, occurs in all cells except sex cells

A

mitosis

65
Q

how many chromosomes in the human body?
How many pairs?
remaining 22 are called?
X chromosome?
Y chromosome?

A

46
23
autosome
female
male

66
Q

Programmed Cell Death

A

Apoptosis

67
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING AGING

A
  • Cellular clock
  • Death genes
  • DNA damage
  • Free radicals
  • Mitochondrial damage
68
Q

ADDITIONAL NOTES FROM THE LAB MANUAL
Filtration-movement through a membrane driven by a hydrostatic
pressure gradient
- In the Kidney, blood pressure forces some water and solute
particles from a blood vessel and into a kidney tubule
Semipermeable- Term that describe a membrane that allows
only some types of particles to pass through it
Brownian motion- natural vibration of particles; it drives
diffusion
Skin and Heart muscle- cells that are likely to have been formed
during mitosis

A
69
Q

Interphase is the time between cell divisions. DNA is found as thin threads of chromatin in the nucleus. DNA replication occurs during interphase.
In prophase, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere. The centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell, and the nucleolus and the nuclear envelope disappear.
3 In metaphase, the chromosomes align in the center of the cell in association with the spindle fibers.
4 In anaphase, the chromatids separate to form two sets of identical chromosomes. The chromosomes, assisted by the spindle fibers, move toward the centrioles at each end of the cell.
5 In telophase, the chromosomes disperse, the nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli form, and the cytoplasm begins to divide to form two cells.
6 Mitosis is complete, and a new interphase begins.

A
70
Q

Prokaryotic cells lack internal cellular bodies (organelles), while eukaryotic cells possess them. Examples of prokaryotes
are bacteria and archaea. Examples of eukaryotes are protists, fungi, plants, and animals (everything except prokaryotes)

A
71
Q

Model of the structure of cell mebrane

A

Fluid-mosaic model

72
Q

(mRNA)
(tRNAs)

A

messenger RNA
transfer RNAs

73
Q
A
74
Q

Chemical reactions that occur within cells

A

Cell metabolism

75
Q

Cell membranes are ————-, meaning that they allow some substances but not others, to pass into or out of the cells.

A

Selectively permeable

76
Q

Specialized cells called——— phagocytize the cell fragments

A

Macrophages

HAPP LEC (5 decks)

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