Cell Structures And Their Function Flashcards by Marie Shayne Agbayani

Determine the form and functions of the human body and it is the basic living unit of all organisms
- simplest organism…single cell
-1/5 of the size of smallest dot you can make using sharp pencil
- highly organized unit and mostly specialized to perform specific functions

Cell

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Insides of the cell

Intracellular

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Outside of the cell

Extracellular

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Functions of the cell?

Cell metabolism and energy use
synthesis and molecules
communication
reproduction and inheritance

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Major parts of the cell

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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Encloses the cytoplasm and forms the boundary between material inside the cell and material outside it

Plasma membrane

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Acts as the selective barrier that determines what moves in and out of the cell
Plays a role in communication between cells

Plasma membrane

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Cell membrane is made up of ———— that form a ———— layer of molecules

Phospholipids
Double

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2 regions of phospholipids
Explain

Polar
- phosphate containing ends (hydrophilic)
- directed towards the fluid environment either inside or outside the cell

Non-polar
- fatty acids (hydrophobic)
Directed towards the center of the membrane

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The membrane is composed of?

Bilayer of phospholipids
Cholesterol with proteins floating in the membrane

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Contains the cell’s genetic material

Nucleus

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Living material surrounding the nucleus
Jelly-like fluid that fills a cell
Material between cell membrane and the nucleus
Contains many types of organelles

Cytoplasm

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Little organs with specialized structure which performs specific function

Organelles

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3 main organelles

Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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Contains genetic material of cell [DNA] and nucleoli
Site RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

Location:
Near center of the cell

Nucleus

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Site of protein synthesis
where proteins are produced
protein builders

Location: Cytoplasm

Ribosome

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Has many ribosomes attached
Site of protein synthesis

Location: Cytoplasm

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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Site of lipid synthesis
Participates in detoxification

Location: Cytoplasm

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles
golgi complex
a series of closely packed membrane sacs that collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER

Location: Cytoplasm

Golgi apparatus

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Contains materials produced in the cell
formed by golgi apparatus
Secreted by exocytosis

membrane bound sacs that carry substances from the golgi apparatus to the cell membrane, where the cesicle contents are released

Location: Cytoplasm

Secretory vesicles

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Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell
destroys foreign materials

Location: Cytoplasm

Lysosome

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Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis

Location: Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

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Supports cytoplasm
Assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella

Location: Cytoplasm

Microtubule

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Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Location: Cytoplasm

Centrioles

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Move substances over surfaces of certain cells Location: Cell surface with many on each cell

Cilia

Propel sperm cells Location: sperm cell surface with one per cell

Flagella

Increase surface area of certain cells Location: extensions of cell surface with many on each cell

Microvilli

Parasite that have many flagella

Trichomonas Vaginalis

Cell membrane selectively determines what can pass in and out of the cell ——,——,—— Are found in higher concentrations INSIDE the cell

Enzymes, glycogen, potassium

Cell membrane selectively determines what can pass in and out of the cell ——,——,—— Are found in higher concentrations OUTSIDE the cell

Sodium, Calcium, Chloride

Does not require (ATP) the cell to expend energy

Passive membrane transport

Examples of Passive membrane transport

Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

Requires the cell to expend energy, usually in the form of ATP

Active Membrane Transport

Examples of active membrane transport

Active transport secondary active transport endocytosis exocytosis

A homogenous mixture composed of two or more substances Substance dissolved A substance that dissolves solute

Solution Solute Solvent

Tendency for solutes to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of that solute in a solution

Diffusion

Difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density

Concentration gradient

Diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane (cell membrane) from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration

Osmosis

Force required to prevent the movement of H2O across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmotic Pressure

Types of osmotic pressure

Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution

Lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of H2O than the cytoplasm of the cell Solution has less osmotic pressure than the cell H20 moves into the cell➡️ swell ➡️ rupture (lysis)➡️

Hypotonic solution

Equal concentrations of various solutes and water on both sides of the cell membrane Cell neither shrinks nor swells

Isotonic solution

Higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell H2O moves from the cell into the hypertonic solution Cell shrinkage or crenation

Hypertonic solution

The transport of large, water soluble molecules or electrically-charged ions across a membrane by means of a CARRIER MOLECULE Exhibits specificity, only specific molecules are transported by the carriers

Carrier-mediated transport

Moves substances across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of that substance ATP is not required

Facilitated Diffusion

Moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration against a concentration gradient Requires ATP P I S O

Active transport Potassium In Sodium Out

Diffusion of a transported substance [NA+] down its concentration gradient that provides the energy to transport a second substance, (glucose) across the cell membrane COTRANSPORT, both substances move in the same direction COUNTER TRANSPORT, move in opposite directions

Secondary Active Transport

Movement of materials into the cells by the formation of a vesicle Process of cellular ingestion by which the plasma membrane folds inward to form a vesicle containing the material to be taken into the cell

Endocytosis

Types of endocytosis Explain

Phagocytosis (cell eating)- solid particles are ingested Pinocytosis (cell drinking)- intake of liquid particles Receptor-mediated endocytosis- movement/transport of a substance into the cell after binding with the receptor molecule

Movement out of cells by vesicles Allows the release/ secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation Ex: secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas

Exocytosis

How many pairs of chromosomes does the nucleus contain? Chromosomes are loosely coiled and collectively called?

23 Chromatin

Diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane that are found within the nucleus; consist of RNA and proteins; and are the sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

Nucleoli

Series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Contains enzymes that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

Peroxisomes

Cells framework that are made of proteins Give its 3 composition:

Cytoskeleton Microtubule- largest diameter, support the cytoplasm,.... Microfilaments- smallest diameter, involves in the cell movement Intermediate filaments- mid, provides mechanical support to the cell

Small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus Also called as microtubule organizing center

Centrosome

Four building blocks of DNA What are the base pairs?

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine AT, CG

A sequence of nucleotides that provides a chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein

Gene

Has a unique double helix shape Base, sugar, phosphate

Nucleotide

2 steps in gene expression

Transcription- making a copy of a gene Translation- converting that copied information into a protein

CELL LIFE CYCLE STAGES

1. Interphase - DNA replicated 2. Prophase - the nuclear membrane breaks down and disappears 3. Metaphase - chromosomes are moved to the equator 4. Anaphase - sister chromatids separate and are moved towards opposite poles of the spindle by the spindle fibers 5. Telophase - formation of 2 cells

formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell

cell division

sex cells necessary for reproduction are formed

meiosis

new cells necessary for growth and tissue repair are formed, occurs in all cells except sex cells

mitosis

how many chromosomes in the human body? How many pairs? remaining 22 are called? X chromosome? Y chromosome?

46 23 autosome female male

Programmed Cell Death

Apoptosis

FACTORS AFFECTING AGING

* Cellular clock * Death genes * DNA damage * Free radicals * Mitochondrial damage

ADDITIONAL NOTES FROM THE LAB MANUAL Filtration-movement through a membrane driven by a hydrostatic pressure gradient - In the Kidney, blood pressure forces some water and solute particles from a blood vessel and into a kidney tubule Semipermeable- Term that describe a membrane that allows only some types of particles to pass through it Brownian motion- natural vibration of particles; it drives diffusion Skin and Heart muscle- cells that are likely to have been formed during mitosis

Interphase is the time between cell divisions. DNA is found as thin threads of chromatin in the nucleus. DNA replication occurs during interphase. In prophase, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere. The centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell, and the nucleolus and the nuclear envelope disappear. 3 In metaphase, the chromosomes align in the center of the cell in association with the spindle fibers. 4 In anaphase, the chromatids separate to form two sets of identical chromosomes. The chromosomes, assisted by the spindle fibers, move toward the centrioles at each end of the cell. 5 In telophase, the chromosomes disperse, the nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli form, and the cytoplasm begins to divide to form two cells. 6 Mitosis is complete, and a new interphase begins.

Prokaryotic cells lack internal cellular bodies (organelles), while eukaryotic cells possess them. Examples of prokaryotes are bacteria and archaea. Examples of eukaryotes are protists, fungi, plants, and animals (everything except prokaryotes)

Model of the structure of cell mebrane

Fluid-mosaic model

(mRNA) (tRNAs)

messenger RNA transfer RNAs

Chemical reactions that occur within cells

Cell metabolism

Cell membranes are ————-, meaning that they allow some substances but not others, to pass into or out of the cells.

Selectively permeable

Specialized cells called——— phagocytize the cell fragments

Macrophages