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Foundations Exam 2 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

blood flow through the skin is adjusted via _____

A

arteriovenous shunts

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2
Q

integumentary system makes Vitamin ___ in response to UV radiation in sunlight, which plays an important role in ___

A

Vitamin D - calcium regulating hormone

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3
Q

hypodermis =

A

superficial fascia - contains blood vessels and nerves supplying the dermis, sweat glands, ends of hair follicles, adipose

proliferating fibroblasts and blood vessels for wound repair come from hypodermis

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4
Q

proliferating fibroblasts and blood vessels for wound repair of integumentary system come from

A

hypodermis (aka superficial fascia)

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5
Q

thick skin is sometimes called

A

glabrous skin - has sweat glands but not hair/related structures

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6
Q

differences in the thickness of thin skin are based on ___

A

thickness of the dermis

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7
Q

as keratinocytes migrate to the surface of skin, they die and become

A

corneocytes (squames of keratin)

replaced every ~28 days

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8
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis (beginning top to dermis)

A
  1. (top) stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucideum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum germinativum (basale)

(then dermis)

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9
Q

the proliferative/germinal layer of the epidermis:

A

stratum germinativum (basale, directly above dermis): 1-2 cells thick

one undifferentiated stem cell in this layer can produce whole epidermis

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10
Q

“prickle cell” layer of epidermis (cells appear to have spines)

A

stratum spinosum (second deepest, superficial to stratum basale) - very prominent desmosomes with keratin (intermediate filament) for mechanical strength (“spines”)

*friction blisters occur here if desmosomes are disrupted and fluid collects between keratinocytes

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11
Q

where can lamellar or membrane coating granules be seen in the epidermis? what do the granules contain?

A

stratum spinosum (2nd most deep layer after stratum basale)

granules contain glycolipids and sterols that make skin waterproof

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12
Q

where can keratohyalin granules (stain dark blue) be found in the epidermis

A

stratum granulosum (3rd layer)

keratohyalin granules: dense, irregular, no membrane, contain tonofilaments (keratin intermediate filaments)

fill the cell and become polymerized in final keratin product (squame of keratin at skin surface)

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13
Q

this layer of epidermis has 15-20 layers of flattened dead corenocytes (squames)

A

stratum corneum (layer 2 from top): major barrier to water loss and penetration

keratohyalin granules + tonofilaments (keratin) become amorphous and cross-link with filaggrin —> flattens cells

half the thickness of thick skin

no nucleus or organelles evident, just keratin coated with lipids released from lamellar granules (from stratum spinosum)

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14
Q

dermatoglyphics

A

aka fingerprints

each ridge of epidermis is a fingerprint and each epidermal ridge covers a dermal ridge

dermal ridge is subdivided by an interpapillary peg of epidermis to form 2 dermal papillae

interpapillary peg is where ducts of eccrine sweat glands enter. epidermis

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15
Q

in thin skin, the stratum ____ is only a few cells thick and is often detached from lower layers during preparation of slides

A

stratum corneum

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16
Q

transdermal medications work by…

A

traversing the skin layers via the lipids between cells to reach blood vessels in dermis

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17
Q

Rhus dermatitis

A

aka poison ivy/oak/sumac

urushiol causes contact dermatitis (found in all parts of plant)

treatment requires immediate washing or OTC itch relief later

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18
Q

melanocytes are found mostly in [thin/thick] skin and are derived from the ____

A

melanocytes found mostly in thin skin, derived from neural crest

cell bodies found in stratum germinativum (basale) but have dendrites that reach up

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19
Q

melanin production requires this enzyme

A

tyrosinase: converts tyrosine to melanin

melanin is produced in melanosome, pinched off, and distributed

20
Q

individuals with dark skin produce:
a. more melanocytes
b. more pigment

A

b. more pigment (but same number of cells) - degraded more slowly and distributed further

21
Q

other than protecting DNA of stem cells, melanin also protects ____ in capillaries

A

folate (form of Vitamin B)

22
Q

melanosomes are degraded by _____ in keratinocytes

A

lysosomes

23
Q

this disease is caused by a defect in the transport of melanosomes, due to mutation in either myosin Va, Rab27a, or melanophillin (Rab effector). What is?

A

Griscelli syndrome

24
Q

Langerhans cells are a special form of DC that are derived from ____

A

monocyte/macrophage line

proceses form a continuous layer in the stratum basale and spinosum of both thick and thin skin

25
Q

Langerhans cells and their processes form a continuous layer in the stratum ____ and ____

A

germinativum (basale) and spinosum

26
Q

Langerhans cells contain tennis-racket shaped _____ granules that….

A

Birbeck granules: function in uptake of microbial fragments

27
Q

____ glands are associated with hair follicles

A

sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles

28
Q

hair ___ is the area of growth at the base of the hair

in the ______ zone, cellular hair is transformed to keratin over time

A

hair matrix - where cells proliferate and manufacture keratin (in hair bulb, surrounded by dermal papillae)

keratogenous zone - cellular hair transformed to keratin

(hair is made of a mixture of keratins)

29
Q

sebaceous glands produce ___ via ____ secretion

A

sebum: oil that keeps hair soft and waterproof

holocrine secretion: sebaceous glands die and liberate contents into hair follicle

stem cells at periphery of gland, oldest in the center

30
Q

smooth muscle innervated by sympathetic ANS that induces piloerection of hair

A

arrector pili muscles - found on same side of hair follicle as sebaceous gland

31
Q

what are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A
  1. eccrine: tubular glands with coiled secretory portion (dermis or hypodermis), glands are stratified cuboidal - temperature regulation, hypotonic sweat (more water lost), NOT associated with hair follicles
  2. apocrine: axilla, areola, pubic - secrete sweat after puberty, hormone sensitive, have large lumen (simple columnar), usually associated with hair follicles
32
Q

tubular sweat glands with coiled secretory portion, functioning in temperature regulation and secretion of hypotonic sweat (more water lost)

what are?

A

eccrine sweat glands

33
Q

these sweat glands have a large lumen, are found in axilla, areola, pubic, and secretions are hormone regulated. what are?

A

apocrine sweat glands - usually associated with hair follicle

34
Q

what kind of epithelium lines eccrine vs apocrine sweat glands?

A

eccrine: very small lumen, stratified cuboidal (temperature regulation)

apocrine: very large lumen, simple columnar (hormone-mediated secretion)

35
Q

specialized smooth muscle cells with clasp sweat and other glands in skin with long cytoplasmic processes

A

myoepithelial cells - when stimulated by ANS they contract and expel sweat quickly

also found in mammary glands (sensitive to oxytocin) and salivary glands (respond to food cues)

36
Q

what is the benefit of the many dermal papillae and interpapillary pegs in thick skin?

A

provides greater surface area for diffusion and mechanical attachment at epidermal-dermis junction

37
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis

A
  1. papillary layer: rich in capillaries to nourish avascular epidermis, elastic fibers
  2. reticular layer: more fibrous, collagen bundles oriented in lines of tension (Langer’s line)
    *wounds parallel to these lines heal with little scarring, those cutting across leave noticeable scars
38
Q

light touch receptors in the skin, found in papillary layer of dermis

what are?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

39
Q

large encapsulated nerve endings found deep in the dermis or hypodermis, which function as pressure receptors

A

Pacinian corpuscles (look like onions)

40
Q

Meissner vs Pacinian corpuscles

A

Meissner: light touch mechanoreceptors, papillary layer of dermis

Pacinian: encapsulated nerve endings, pressure receptors, deep in dermis or hypodermis, look like layers of onion (remember Pacinian is for Pressure)

41
Q

you’re looking at a histology slide of skin when you notice a structure that looks like an onion deep in the dermis, almost in the hypodermis. what is it most likely to be?

A

Pacinian corpuscles - pressure receptor, large encapsulated nerve ending

*note these are also found in internal organs such as pancreas

42
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

light touch mechanoreceptors in the skin, found in papillary layer of dermis

43
Q

these mechanoreceptors are located at the tips of primary epidermal ridges and are connected to receptors in the dermis

they are sensitive to points, edges, and texture. what are?

A

Merkel cells

44
Q

Merkel cells

A

found at tips of primary epidermal ridges

sensitive to points, edges, and texture

45
Q

_____ are oriented parallel to collagen bundles in the dermis and are sensitive to stretch

A

Ruffini endings

46
Q

Ruffini endings

A

parallel to collagen bundles in the dermis, sensitive to stretch

47
Q

what structures of the skin will respond to the following sensations:
a. light touch
b. pressure
c. points, edges, texture
d. stretch

A

a. Meissner’s corpuscles - light touch
b. Pacinian corpuscles - pressure
c. Merkel cells - points, edges, texture
d. Ruffini endings - stretch

Foundations Exam 2 (42 decks)

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