Blood and Myeloid Tissue Flashcards
of RBC in blood
hematocrit
hematocrit
number of RBC
formed elements of blood
RBC + WBC + platelets
blood is ___% plasma, ____% WBC, ____% RBC
55-60% plasma
1% WBC
40-45% WBC
diapedesis =
extravasation
do agranulocytes have any granules
actually yes - agranulocytes contain small primary granules (lysosomes)
granulocytes have 2 or 3 types of lysosomes know as primary granules and secondary/specific granules
what are the granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
which leukocytes are phagocytes, which are immunocytes?
phagocytes: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and monocytes
immunocytes: agranulocytes (lymphocytes)
these WBC are also know as polymorphonuclear leukocytes and have 3-5 lobes of nucleus
in females you may see a Barr body
what are?
neutrophils - the most common WBC
if you see a large number of “bands” in peripheral circulation, what does this suggest?
“bands” are immature neutrophils which don’t have completely segmented nucleus yet (looks like a C shape)
suggests acute infection
PMNs, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes
neutrophils (3-5 lobes of nucleus)
what are the 3 types of granules found in neutrophils cytoplasm?
- primary: azureophilic (blue staining)
- secondary/specific: lysosomal enzymes
- tertiary: enzymes enabling diapedisis
these WBC have nucleus with 2-3 lobes and large, red-orange specific granules in the cytoplasm. what are these cells and what are in their granules?
eosinophils: increased in parasitic infections, asthma, allergies, transplant rejection
granules contain peroxidase and proteins to break up microorganisms (in EM, granules look like footballs)
when are eosinophils increased? (4)
- parasitic infections
- asthma
- allergic reactions
- transplant rejection
this WBC is the least common of the granulocytes
the nucleus has 2 lobes, but is usually obscured by large, purple granules
what are these cells and what do their granules contain?
basophils: develop from same precursor of mast cells (in tissues)
granules contain vasoactive substances
found in allergic and hypersensitive reactions
what type of WBC is important in allergic and hypersensitive reactions?
basophils (least common of granulocytes)
these cells of the granulocyte/phagocyte lineage are the largest of the WBC
they function in phagocytosis and the second wave of the inflammatory response
what are?
monocytes: leave circulation to become macrophages (APC)
precursor to mononuclear phagocyte system
*note monocytes are agranulocytes despite their lineage
where are reserve pools of neutrophils found?
circulation and bone marrow
*remember neutrophils are the first responders
maturation of DCs is characterized by….
migration of DCs to draining lymph nodes, and antigen presentation
all blood cells are produced by _____ in _____ tissue
blood cells are produced by HEMOPOIESIS in MYELOID tissue
where is adult bone marrow found?
vertebrae, sternum, ribs mostly
sinusoids
very wide capillary
many scattered in bone marrow
how do hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) specialize in the bone marrow?
bone marrow (primary lymphoid organ) contains niches in which cells are compartmentalized for differentiation/specialization
endosoteal domain (close to inner surface of bone) and perivascular domain (deeper in the marrow)
leukopoiesis (leukocyte/WBC production) is controlled by a ____ specific for each cell line
colony stimulating factor (CSF)
each line of development is known as a Colony Forming Unit (CFU)
what is different about blood as compared to all other kinds of connective tissue?
blood cells do NOT make intracelular material (plasma) they live in, while cells of all other types of connective tissue do
what is the only organelle that RBC have
cytoskeleton - interacts with membrane proteins to maintain cell shape (biconcave disc)
derangements in integral and peripheral membrane proteins of erythrocytes can lead to abnormally shaped cells - _____ or ______ - which have shortened life spans
spherocytes or eliptocytes
how is anemia defined
reduction in hemoglobin concentration of blood due to 1) reduction in RBC or 2) reduction in about of hemoglobin in RBC
folate/B12 deficiency can cause _______ in RBC
macrocytosis - RBC are larger than a small lymphocyte
how many days do normal vs sickle RBC last?
normal ~120 days
sickle ~20 days
when heme and globin dissociate and iron is recycled from RBC, _____ pigment can be seen
where can you see this? (3)
hemosiderin (brownish color) - seen in spleen, bone marrow, liver
_____ is fibrinogen-free plasma
serum
erythropoietin is primarily produced by fibroblasts in the cortex of the kidney in response to …
low oxygen tension
thrombocytes are fragments derived from _____ and produce ______
derived from megakaryocyte (very large bone marrow cell) via thrombopoietin
produce PDGF (platelets derived growth factor): stimulates mitosis of vascular smooth muscle for repair
Note that thrombocytes = platelets
what are the 3 basic steps of clot formation?
- injury causes platelets to adhere/aggregate to sub-endothelial CT
- thrombin acts on fibrinogen —> fibrin monomers form hemostatic plug
- vessel wall is repaired and plasmin dissolves clot
