Blood and Myeloid Tissue

Question 1

of RBC in blood

Answer 1

hematocrit

Question 2

hematocrit

Answer 2

number of RBC

Question 3

formed elements of blood

Answer 3

RBC + WBC + platelets

Question 4

blood is ___% plasma, ____% WBC, ____% RBC

Answer 4

55-60% plasma
1% WBC
40-45% WBC

Question 5

diapedesis =

Answer 5

extravasation

Question 6

do agranulocytes have any granules

Answer 6

actually yes - agranulocytes contain small primary granules (lysosomes)

granulocytes have 2 or 3 types of lysosomes know as primary granules and secondary/specific granules

Question 7

what are the granulocytes

Answer 7

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 8

which leukocytes are phagocytes, which are immunocytes?

Answer 8

phagocytes: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and monocytes

immunocytes: agranulocytes (lymphocytes)

Question 9

these WBC are also know as polymorphonuclear leukocytes and have 3-5 lobes of nucleus

in females you may see a Barr body

what are?

Answer 9

neutrophils - the most common WBC

Question 10

if you see a large number of “bands” in peripheral circulation, what does this suggest?

Answer 10

“bands” are immature neutrophils which don’t have completely segmented nucleus yet (looks like a C shape)

suggests acute infection

Question 11

PMNs, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Answer 11

neutrophils (3-5 lobes of nucleus)

Question 12

what are the 3 types of granules found in neutrophils cytoplasm?

Answer 12

1. primary: azureophilic (blue staining)
2. secondary/specific: lysosomal enzymes
3. tertiary: enzymes enabling diapedisis

Question 13

these WBC have nucleus with 2-3 lobes and large, red-orange specific granules in the cytoplasm. what are these cells and what are in their granules?

Answer 13

eosinophils: increased in parasitic infections, asthma, allergies, transplant rejection

granules contain peroxidase and proteins to break up microorganisms (in EM, granules look like footballs)

Question 14

when are eosinophils increased? (4)

Answer 14

1. parasitic infections
2. asthma
3. allergic reactions
4. transplant rejection

Question 15

this WBC is the least common of the granulocytes

the nucleus has 2 lobes, but is usually obscured by large, purple granules

what are these cells and what do their granules contain?

Answer 15

basophils: develop from same precursor of mast cells (in tissues)

granules contain vasoactive substances

found in allergic and hypersensitive reactions

Question 16

what type of WBC is important in allergic and hypersensitive reactions?

Answer 16

basophils (least common of granulocytes)

Question 17

these cells of the granulocyte/phagocyte lineage are the largest of the WBC

they function in phagocytosis and the second wave of the inflammatory response

what are?

Answer 17

monocytes: leave circulation to become macrophages (APC)

precursor to mononuclear phagocyte system

*note monocytes are agranulocytes despite their lineage

Question 18

where are reserve pools of neutrophils found?

Answer 18

circulation and bone marrow

*remember neutrophils are the first responders

Question 19

maturation of DCs is characterized by….

Answer 19

migration of DCs to draining lymph nodes, and antigen presentation

Question 20

all blood cells are produced by _____ in _____ tissue

Answer 20

blood cells are produced by HEMOPOIESIS in MYELOID tissue

Question 21

where is adult bone marrow found?

Answer 21

vertebrae, sternum, ribs mostly

Question 22

sinusoids

Answer 22

very wide capillary

many scattered in bone marrow

Question 23

how do hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) specialize in the bone marrow?

Answer 23

bone marrow (primary lymphoid organ) contains niches in which cells are compartmentalized for differentiation/specialization

endosoteal domain (close to inner surface of bone) and perivascular domain (deeper in the marrow)

Question 24

leukopoiesis (leukocyte/WBC production) is controlled by a ____ specific for each cell line

Answer 24

colony stimulating factor (CSF)

each line of development is known as a Colony Forming Unit (CFU)

Question 25

what is different about blood as compared to all other kinds of connective tissue?

Answer 25

blood cells do NOT make intracelular material (plasma) they live in, while cells of all other types of connective tissue do

Question 26

what is the only organelle that RBC have

Answer 26

cytoskeleton - interacts with membrane proteins to maintain cell shape (biconcave disc)

Question 27

derangements in integral and peripheral membrane proteins of erythrocytes can lead to abnormally shaped cells - _____ or ______ - which have shortened life spans

Answer 27

spherocytes or eliptocytes

Question 28

how is anemia defined

Answer 28

reduction in hemoglobin concentration of blood due to 1) reduction in RBC or 2) reduction in about of hemoglobin in RBC

Question 29

folate/B12 deficiency can cause _______ in RBC

Answer 29

macrocytosis - RBC are larger than a small lymphocyte

Question 30

how many days do normal vs sickle RBC last?

Answer 30

normal ~120 days
sickle ~20 days

Question 31

when heme and globin dissociate and iron is recycled from RBC, _____ pigment can be seen

where can you see this? (3)

Answer 31

hemosiderin (brownish color) - seen in spleen, bone marrow, liver

Question 32

_____ is fibrinogen-free plasma

Answer 32

serum

Question 33

erythropoietin is primarily produced by fibroblasts in the cortex of the kidney in response to …

Answer 33

low oxygen tension

Question 34

thrombocytes are fragments derived from _____ and produce ______

Answer 34

derived from megakaryocyte (very large bone marrow cell) via thrombopoietin

produce PDGF (platelets derived growth factor): stimulates mitosis of vascular smooth muscle for repair

Note that thrombocytes = platelets

Question 35

what are the 3 basic steps of clot formation?

Answer 35

1. injury causes platelets to adhere/aggregate to sub-endothelial CT
2. thrombin acts on fibrinogen —> fibrin monomers form hemostatic plug
3. vessel wall is repaired and plasmin dissolves clot