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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skin

A
  • thermoregulation
  • blood reservoir
  • protection
  • cutaneous sensations
  • excretion and absorption
  • synthesis of vitamin D
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2
Q

Types of barriers

A

chemical

  • skin secretions’ low pH retards bacteria
  • sebum and defensis kill bacteria
  • melanin defends against UV damage

physical

  • flat, dead cells of stratum corneum w/ lipid
  • keratin and glycolipids = water proof
  • drugs, drug agents, heavy metal salts, organic solvents, plant oleoresins, and lipid solubles have limited access

biological

  • dendritic cells bring stuff to WBCs
  • macrophages bring stuff to WBCs
  • DNA electrons absorb UV radiation and convert it to heat
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3
Q

How much water does a person loose in a day? What is this kind of sweat called

A
  • 500 ml

- insensible perspiration

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4
Q

How does the body respond to high or low temperatures?

A

High: dermal vessels dilate and sweat gland activity increases

Low: Dermal vessels constrict and skin temp drops to slow passive heat loss

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5
Q

Explain cutaneous sensations

A
  • cutaneous sensory receptors
  • detect temp, touch, pain, etc…
  • deepness of receptor determines deepness of sensation
  • deep ones sense pressure
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6
Q

Metabolic functions

A
  • Synthesis of Vit D precursor and collagenase

- chem. conversion of carcinogens and activation of some hormones

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7
Q

Blood reservoir

A
  • up to 5% of body’s blood in skin
  • used to raise blood pressure when needed
  • that’s why you go pale before fainting
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8
Q

Excretion

A

nitrogenous waste and salt

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9
Q

Dimensions of skin

A 
area = 2 m^2 = 22 ft^2
weight = 4.5-5.5 kg = 10-11 lbs
thickness = 0.5-4 mm
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10
Q

2 types of skin

A

thin/ hairy skin

  • covers almost all of body
  • contains hair follicles

thick/hairless skin
-palms and soles of hands, feet, and digits

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11
Q

3 layers of skin

A

Epidermis
-keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium

Dermis
-areolar and dense irregular connective tissue

Subcutaneous/hypodermis layer

  • attaches skin to underlying connective tissue
  • not part of cutaneous membrane
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12
Q

4 types of cells in epidermis

A
  1. Keratinocytes
    - 90% of epidermal cells
    - produce keratin = tough fibrous protein that provides protection
  2. Melanocytes
    - produce melanin for UV protection
  3. Langerhans cells (dendritic)
    - involved in immune response
    - arise from bone marrow
  4. Merkel cells
    - function in the sensation of touch along with adjacent tactile discs
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13
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • firmly attached to dermis
  • single row of mitotically dividing, stem cells
  • takes 25-45 days for cell to reach top
  • Layer is aka as stratum germinativum
  • 10-25% of layer is melanocytes
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14
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • “prickly layer”
  • several cell layers thick
  • cells have web-like system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes
  • keratinocytes look spikey
  • lots of melanosomes and dendritic cells
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15
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • 4-6 cells thick (cells are flat though)
  • organelles disintigrate
  • keratination begins (cells accumulate keratohyaline granules which help form the fibers)
  • cells accumulate lamellar granules = water resistant glycolipid
  • Cells above this layer die
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16
Q

Stratum lucidum

A
  • only in thick skin

- thin, clear band of 2-3 rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

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17
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • 20-30 rows of flat, anucleated, keratinized, dead cells
  • 3/4 epidermal thickness
  • cells protects deeper cells, prevent water loss, and act as barrier
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18
Q

Outer dermal layer

A
  • areolar ct
  • dermal papillae
  • cappilary loops
  • corpuscles of touch
  • free nerve endings
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19
Q

Deeper dermal layer

A
  • dense irregular ct
  • adipose cells
  • heir follicles
  • nerves
  • sebaceous glands
  • sudiferous glands
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20
Q

3 sensory structures in the deep dermal layer

A
  1. lamellated (pucinian) corpuscles
    - deep pressure, high frequency vibrations
  2. bulbous (ruffini) corpuscles
    - deep pressure and skin distortion
  3. Root hair plexus
    - light touch
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21
Q

Striae

A
  • stretch marks

- appear if skin is stretched too much and the dermis breaks

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22
Q

Lines of cleavage

A
  • “tension lines”
  • indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers
  • cut parallel to reduce scarring
23
Q

Epidermal ridges

A
  • reflect dermal papillae
  • along with sweat glands form fingerprinds
  • increase friction/grip
24
Q

Dermatoglyphics

A

study of epidermal ridges

25
Q

tattoos

A
  • permanent because they penetrate dermis

- red ones are bad

26
Q

what causes different skin colors

A
  • variations of the three pigment: melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin (mostly melanin)
  • number of melanocytes is about the same for everyone, but the amount of pigment produced is different
27
Q

Melanin

A
  • yellow-red or brown-black pigment produced by melanocytes in epidermis
  • secrete melanin which is taken up by keratinocytes to protect their nuclei
28
Q

Nevus

A
  • a mole

- benign overgrowth of melanocytes

29
Q

albinism

A

-inherited inability to produce melanin

30
Q

vitiligo

A

-condition where there’s partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin

31
Q

carotene

A

yellow-orange pigment in stratun corneum, dermis, and subQ layers
-carotene is increased by eating more yellow-orange veggies

32
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • red color
  • in erythrocytes flowing through capilaries
  • causes you to turn red when exercising or embarrased
33
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A
  • attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs

- has lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles which detect external pressure applied to skin

34
Q

hair functions

A

-protection, reduce heat loss, sense light touch

35
Q

what is hair

A

dead keratinized epidermal cells

36
Q

define hair shaft, root, follicle

A
  • shaft = above skin
  • root = penetrates into dermis
  • follicles = tissues that house the root (epithelial root sheath (inner and outer) and dermal root sheath)
37
Q

Hair matrix

A

mitotic cells at the root bulb which divide and push the hair up

38
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

-at hair follicle –> makes hair stand upright when it contracts

39
Q

hair papillae

A

dermal tissue with a knot of capillaries to nourish your hair

40
Q

3 types of hair

A
  1. Languo = hair of fetus and newborns
  2. vellus = fine hair covering most of body
  3. terminal = course hair
41
Q

Hair color and grey hair

A
  • caused by melanin

- caused by lack of melanin and air bubbles in shaft

42
Q

Sebaceous glands

A
  • secrete oily sebum –> prevents dehydration of hair and skin and inhibits bacterial growth
  • stimulated at puberty by sex hormones (acne)
  • acne is when sebaceous glands get blocked by oil, dead skin, or bacteria
43
Q

Sudiferous glands

A
  1. Eccrine
    - pores near surface of skin all over body
    - temperature regulation and disposal of waste
    - merocrine
  2. Apocrine
    - not active til puberty
    - pits, groin, areola, bearded faces
    - merocrine
    - open into hair follicles when stressed or aroused
    - cause body odor when mixed with skin flora
44
Q

Ceruminous glands

A
  • modified sweat glands in ear canal
  • secretions mix with sebum to form cerumen (earwax)
  • earwax keeps stuff out of ear
45
Q

Nails

A
  • hard, keratinized epidermal cells

- free edge, body and root/ matrix

46
Q

Eponychium

A

cuticle

47
Q

hyponychium

A

nail bed

48
Q

Epidermal wound healing

A
  • cells in strutum basale migrate across would til theyre stopped by contact inhibition
  • cells divide to fill gap
  • little to no scarring
49
Q

Deep wound healing

A
  1. Inflammatory phase: attract cells for repair
  2. Migration of cells: epithelial tissue needs to meet before fibroblasts scar tissue fills space
  3. Regeneration of blood vessels, formation of scar tissue, and growth of epithelial tissue
  4. maturation with epidermal healing and scar ejection
50
Q

First degree burn

A
  • sun burn
  • epidermal
  • lasts a few days
51
Q

Second degree burn

A
  • upper region of dermis
  • blisters
  • causes the most discomfort
52
Q

Third degree burns

A
  • goes through the dermis
  • need skin grafts to protect from fluid loss
  • destroys nerves
53
Q

keloid

A

abonormal healing of a would which causes an overflow of scar tissue

54
Q

Aging skin

A
  • wrinkles bc of less collagen and elastic
  • lowered immune response
  • dehydration and cracking
  • less sweat
  • less melanocytes
  • less subcutaneous fat
  • more succeptible to pathogens
  • growth of hair and nails declines
  • brittles

Anatomy and Physiology (50 decks)

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