Brain and cranial nerves Flashcards
1
Q
Brain integrations
A
sensations muscle contraction/coordination language memory emotions thinking learning
2
Q
major parts of brain
A
- brain stem = continuation of spinal cord (medulla, pons, midbrain)
- cerebellum = 2nd biggest part of brain
- diencephalon = thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
- cerebrum = biggest part of brain
3
Q
meninges
A
dura mater: periosteal and meningeal layers, b/t which is the venous sinus where CSF drains
arachnoid mater
-sub arachnoid space where CSF circulates
-arachnoid granulations
pia mater
4
Q
extensions of dura mater
A
falx cerebri = separates 2 cerebral hemispheres
tentorium cerebelli = separates cerebellum from cerebrum
falx cerebelli = separates 2 cerebellum hemispheres
5
Q
Blood flow to/from brain
A
- gets 20% of blood supply
- internal carotid and vertebral arteries bring blood
- internal jugular veins take blood
6
Q
CSF
A
- clear fluid
- circulates thru cavities in brain (ventricles), spinal cord (central canal), and subarachnoid space
- absorbs shock and protects brain/spinal cord
- transports nutrients and waste bt brain and blood
7
Q
ventricles
A
- csf filled cavities w/in brain
- lateral ventricles = cerebral hemispheres
- third ventricle = diencephalon
- cerebral aqueduct = midbrain
- fourth ventricle = brain stem and cerebellum
8
Q
formation of CSF
A
choroid plexuses = capillaries in ventricle walls
-ependmal cells lining ventricles draw plasma from choroid plexuses through ependymal cells into ventricles
9
Q
Circulation of CSF
A
- lateral ventricles –> interventricular foramina –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle –> subarachnoid space or cenral canal
- reabsorbed into blood by arachnoid villi
10
Q
medulla oblongata
A
- Pyramids = bulges on anterior formed by corticospinal trancts from cerebrum to spinal cord
- common site for decussation of ascending/descending tracts
- Vital centers : cardiovascular and respiratory
- centers for vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and hiccupping
- cranial nerves VIII-XII
- part of 4th ventricel
11
Q
pons
A
- nuclei relay motor input from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
- vestibular nuclei
- peneumotaxic and apneustic area
- nuclei for cranial nerves V-VIII
12
Q
Midbrain or Mesencephalon
A
- pons to diencephalon
- cerebral aquaduct flows through
- cerebral peduncles on front
- tectum/corpora quadrigemina w/ superior and inferior colliculi
- substantia nigra, red nucleus, cranial nerves 3-4
13
Q
Substantia Nigra and Red Nucleus
A
- both in midbrain
- substantia nigra = associated with dopaminergic neurons–> control subconscious muscle activities –> loss of neurons = parkinson –> excess neurons = shizophrenia –> communicate with basal nuclei
Red nucleus = helps control voluntary movement of limbs
14
Q
Reticular formation
A
- upper part of spinal cord, through brain stem, into lower diencephalon
- Reticular Activating System (RAS) = sensory axons that go from reticular formation through thalamus to cerebral cortex–> help maintain consciousness + sleep/waking –> doesn’t include smell
15
Q
Cerebellum
A
- 2nd biggest part of brain
- vermis
- anterior and posterior lobes control subconscious skeletal movements
- inferior flocculonodular lobe contributes to equilibrium/balance
- coordinates movements and regulates posture/balance
- smoothes movements during skilled stuff
- musce memory
16
Q
cerebral cortex
arbor vitae
cerebellar peduncles
A
- gray matter in form of parallel folds called folia
- tracts of white matter
- 3 pairs, superior, middle, and inferior –> attach cerebellum to brainstem
17
Q
thalamus
A
major relay station for most sensory impulses
18
Q
hypothalamus
A
consists of mammilary body, median eminence, infundibulum, and nuclei
-controls ANS, produces hormones, regulates emotional/behavioral patterns, eating/drinking, body temp, and circadia rhythms
19
Q
epithalamus
A
-consists of pineal gland which secretes melatoin –> sleep inducer
20
Q
Cerebrum: lobes sulci and gyri
A
- frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula
- Central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobes
- precentral gyrus = primary motor area
- postcentral gyrus = primary somatosensory area
21
Q
Cerebral white matter
A
- Association fibers = horizontal and connect different parts of the same hemisphere
- commissural fibers = horizontal and connect gray matter of two hemispheres (corpus colosom)
- projectio fibers = vertical and connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord (corona radiata and internal capsule)
22
Q
Basal nuclei
A
- 3 within each cerebral hemisphere
- globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nucleus
- initiate and terminate movements, supress unwanted movements and regulate muscle tone
23
Q
Limbic System
A
- ring of structures on inner border of cerebrum and floor of diencephalon
- cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, amygdala, mammillary bodies, thalamus, and olfactory bulb
- “emotional brain”–> behavior
- olfaction + memory
24
Q
Amygdala
A
center of rage
-helps us control rage
25
hippocampus
memory
- destruction takes away ability to form short term memories
- maybe cotributes to alzheimers
26
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Primary somatosensory area
Primary visual area
Primary auditory area
Primary gustatory area
Primary olfactory area
Primary motor area
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- postcentral gyrus
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
- base of postcentral gyrus
- temporal lobe
- precentral gyrus
27
- Somatosensory association area
- visual associaion area
- auditory association area
- posterior to primary somatosensory area
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
28
Broca's speach area LvR
| Wernicke's area LvR
Broca's L for anunciation/forming words and R for putting emotion into words
Wernickes L for understanding words and R for understanding the emotion behind words
29
Prefrontal cortex
mostly inhibits behaviors/impulses
30
mapping somatosensory area
-size of region depends on sensory impulses received from that part --> greater density of receptors = greater cortical representation
31
Mapping motor area
- more area is devoted to those muscles involved in skilled, complex, or delicate movements
- more motor units = more cortex area
-includes Broca's speach area
32
Hemispheric Lateralization
Left
- receives sensory signals from and controls muscles of right side
- resoning, numbers, science, sign language, written/spoen language
Right
- senses and motorizes left side
- music, art, space/pattern perception, recognizing faces/emotion, mental images, smells
-females use both while men use one or the other
33
Brain Waves
Electroencephalogram = records electric activity w/in brain
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Alpha = awake and resting with eyes closed
Beta = nervous system is active
Theta = times of stress
Delta = sleeping adults and all the time infants
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