Hormones and their functions Flashcards
Growth Hormone
-Target: liver, adipose, bone, muscle cartilage
Function:
- stimulates growth and protein synthesis via IGF from liver
- fat metabolism
- gluconeogenesis –> glucose release from liver
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- stimulates growth and development of adrenal cortex
- stimulates adrenal cortex to release hormones and catecholamines
Prolactin
Milk production in the mammary glands
Thyroid stimulating hormone
stimulates thyroid to make T3 and T4 (Triiodothyronine and thyroxine)
luteinizing hormone
Males: stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
Females: stimulates ovulation and the production of estrogen and progesterone
follicle stimulating hormone
Males: stimulates (indirectly) the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
Females: stimulates the development of follicles and oocytes as well as the release of estrogen
Antidiuretic hormone
- stimulates water retention
- decreases urine output
- maintains blood volume
Oxytocin
- Stimulates uterine contractions
- stimulates release of milk from mammary glands
calcitonin
Target: bone and kidney
Function:
- decrease calcium in blood
- increase osteoblast and decrease osteoclast activity
- stimulate the expulsion of more calcium in the urine
Parathyroid hormone
Target: bone, kidney, and small intestine
Function:
- increases blood calcium
- activates osteoclasts
- promotes kidney tubules and small intestine absorption of calcium
Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine
target: all cells
Function:
- set basal metabolic rate
- promote growth and development
- regulate body temperature
Aldosterone
(mineralocorticoid)
Target: kidney
Function:
- retention of sodium ions and water to increase blood volume
- potassium and hydrogen secretion in urine
- regulates blood pressure
Androgens
(androgenic steroids)
Target: Reproductive organs, brain, bone, and skeletal muscles
Function:
- can be converted to testosterone in circulation
- development of secondary sex characteristics, like pubic hair
Cortisol
(glucocorticoids)
Target: liver, muscles, adipose tissue, white blood cells
Function:
- works with thyroid hormones to regulate glucose metabolism
- helps body respond to long term stress
- inhibits inflammatory response
Catecholamines
(epinephrine and norepinephrine)
Target: all cells
Function:
- increase heart rate
- dilate airways
- dilate pupils
- increase metabolic rate
- vasoconstriction of blood vessels to skin, digestive, and urinary systems
insulin
-Target: most cells
Function:
-decreases blood glucose levels by removing it from bloodstream and promoting glycogen formation in liver and skeletal muscle
glucagon
Target: liver, muscles, adipose
Function:
-increases blood glucose by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose into bloodstream
Somatostatin
Target: alpha and beta cells of pancreatic islets
Function: inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
Thymosin and Thymopoietin
Target: T lymphocytes
Function:
-promotes T lymphocyte maturation
Testosterone
Target: male reproductive organs and others
Function:
-development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone
Target: Uterus and others
Function:
- Prepares body for pregnancy
- supports fetal development
Estrogen
Target: female reproductive organs
Function:
-development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
Melatonin
Target: reticular formation of the brainstem
Function:
- Regulates the sleep/wake cycle
- promotes sleep
