Integumentary, Skeletal & Muscular System

Question 0

Six principal functions of the skin.

Answer 0

Protection, heat regulation, secretion and excretion, sensation, absorption, respiration.

Question 1

Integument

Answer 1

Covering or skin

Question 2

The divisions of the skin

Answer 2

Epidermis – the outermost layer of skin.

Dermis – the deeper layer of the skin that extends to form the subcutaneous tissue

Question 3

Percentage of blood supply to the skin at rest

Answer 3

5-9%

Question 4

Blank and blank supply nutrients to the skin improving and increasing blood flow

Answer 4

Blood and lymph

Question 5

What are the two types of glands in the skin?

Answer 5

Sebaceous glands – produce sebum (oil)

Sudoriferous glands - produce sweat.

Question 6

Lesion

Answer 6

A structural change in the tissues, by injury or disease. There are three types: primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Question 7

The skeletal system

Answer 7

The bony framework of the body. Composed of bones, Cartlidge, and ligaments.

Question 8

The five functions of the skeletal system

Answer 8

1. Offer a framework that supports the body structures and give shape to the body.
2. To protect delicate internal organs and tissues.
3. To provide attachment for muscles and act as levers in conjunction with muscles to produce movement.
4. To manufacture blood cells in the red bone marrow.
5. To store minerals such as calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, Magnesium, and sodium.

Question 9

The two divisions of the skeleton.

Answer 9

Axial skeleton, and appendicular skeleton.

Question 10

The components of the axial skeleton.

Answer 10

Cranium, face, ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage.

Question 11

The appendicular skeleton components

Answer 11

The upper extremities: clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.

The lower extremities: pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.

Question 12

Cartilage

Answer 12

A firm, tough, elastic substance, similar to bone but without its mineral content. Cartlidge cushions the bones at the joint, prevent jarring between bones in motion, and gives shape to external features, such as nose and ears.

Question 13

Ligaments

Answer 13

Band of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones.

Question 14

Bursae

Answer 14

Fibrous sacks lined with synovial membrane and lubricated with synovial fluid, functioning as a cushion in areas of pressure.

Question 15

Sprain

Answer 15

An injury to a joint resulting in stretching or tearing of the ligaments.

Question 16

Class one sprain

Answer 16

There is a stretch in the ligament, some discomfort, and minimal loss of function.

Question 17

Class 2 Spain

Answer 17

The ligament is torn with some loss of function. Discoloration from tissue damage and bleeding might be present.

Question 18

Class III sprain

Answer 18

The most severe sprain, in which the ligaments are torn and there is internal bleeding and severe loss of function.

Question 19

Bursitis

Answer 19

An inflammation of the small fluid filled sac (bursae) located near the joints that reduce the friction of overlying structures during movement.

Question 20

How many bursae are in the body?

Answer 20

Over 150

Question 21

How much of your total body weight do muscles comprise?

Answer 21

Between 40 and 60%

Question 22

How many muscles are in the skeletal muscle system?

Answer 22

Over 600 muscles large and small.

Question 23

Three types of muscle tissue

Answer 23

1. Voluntary, striated, or skeletal muscles are controlled by will.
2. Involuntary, non-striated or smooth muscles function without the action of the will.
3. Heart or cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, and is not duplicated anywhere else in the body.

Question 24

Myofascial

Answer 24

A combination of muscle tissue and its related connective tissue or fascia.

Question 25

Muscle fiber types

Answer 25

1. Type one, slow twitch fibers, have a relatively slow or contraction time and a high resistance to fatigue. Found in high-quantity and postural muscles.
2. Type two, fast twitch fibers, produced powerful, High velocity contractions for short periods. The contraction velocity is 5 to 10 times better than type one fibers. Type two fibers are more prevalent in the arms, shoulders, and legs.

Question 26

How muscle fibers respond to disuse.

Answer 26

Type one fibers (postural muscles), respond to sustained stress and strain by shortening, becoming hypertonic, and developing triggerpoints and fibrosis.
type two fibers (phasic muscles), tighten weaken.

Question 27

Origin of a muscle

Answer 27

The point where the end of the muscle is anchored to and immovable section of the skeleton.

Question 28

Insertion of a muscle

Answer 28

Is the more mobile attachment of muscle to bone.

Question 29

Isometric contraction

Answer 29

Occurs when a muscle contracts and the ends of the muscles do not move.

Question 30

Isotonic contraction

Answer 30

Occurs when a muscle contracts and the distance between the ends of the muscle changes.

Question 31

Eccentric contraction

Answer 31

Occurs when a muscle contracts while the end of the muscle move further apart.

Question 32

Concentric contraction

Answer 32

When a muscle contracts with the ends of the muscle move closer together.

Question 33

Prime mover

Answer 33

The primary muscle responsible for a specific movement.

Question 34

Agonist

Answer 34

A prime mover

Question 35

Antagonist

Answer 35

The muscle that performs the opposite movement of the agonist

Question 36

Synergists

Answer 36

Muscles that assist the agonist.

Question 37

Fixator

Answer 37

Muscles that act to stabilize a body part so that another muscle can act on adjacent limb or body part.

Question 38

The three components of movement

Answer 38

1. flexion – extension
2. Adduction/abduction
3. Circumduction (rotation)

Question 39

Muscle spasm

Answer 39

A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles.

Question 40

Treatment of spasms

Answer 40

Compressing from the ends of the affected muscle or resisting the contraction of the agonist can inhibit the specimen muscle. Reciprocal inhibition, or flexing the antagonist muscle.

Question 41

Contractures

Answer 41

Shortened, contracted muscles are muscle groups in which the muscle atrophy’s and shrinks while the connective tissue thickens. Usually related to immobility or severe nerve damage and usually result in flexion rather than extension of the effected limb.

Question 42

Muscle strains

Answer 42

Torn or pulled muscles.

Question 43

Grade one muscle strain

Answer 43

And overstretching of a few of the muscle fibers with a minimal tearing of the fibers. There is some pain but no loss of function and no palpable or visual indication.

Question 44

Grade 2 muscle strain

Answer 44

Involves a partial tear of between 10 and 50% of the muscle fibers. There is considerable pain and some loss of function. There is a palpable thickening of the muscle tissue, and perhaps some tissue bleeding.

Question 45

Grade 3 muscle strain

Answer 45

The most severe injury, with between 50 and 100% muscle tear. It is a palpable depression and or bunching of the muscle, with severe pain and total or near loss of muscle function.

Question 46

How to treat muscle strains

Answer 46

Protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation

Question 47

Tendinitis

Answer 47

An inflammation of the tendon, often occurring at the musculotendinous or tenoperiosteal junction

Question 48

Tendinosis

Answer 48

A Degenerative condition of a tendon that does not involve any inflammation. Characterized by Degeneration of the collagen fibers in the tendon, tendon weakness, and abnormal growth of unhealthy blood vessels through the tendon. Not an inflammatory condition. Often mistaken for tendinitis, tendinosis tend to be more chronic and respond to proper rehabilitative exercises and massage.

Question 49

Number of bones in the adult body

Answer 49

206