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DMD 5243 > Integument (complete) > Flashcards

Integument (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the integument

A
  1. skin
  2. nails
  3. Hair
  4. Sweat glands
  5. sebaceous glands
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2
Q

What is the largest organ in the body

A

the skin

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3
Q

What are the 7 functions of the integument

A

PPTIMES

  1. Protection
  2. prevent water loss
  3. Temperature regulation
  4. Immune defense
  5. Metabolic regulation
  6. Excretion by means of secretion
  7. Sensory receptor
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4
Q

What are the layers of the integument

A

Epidermis
Dermis
(Hypodermis is not part of the integument)

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5
Q

Is the hypodermis part of the integument

A

no

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6
Q

What kind of tissue is the epidermis

A

epithelial tissue

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7
Q

What kind of tissue is the dermis

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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9
Q

What kind of epithelium is the epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What are the different kinds of cells in the epidermis

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Epidermal dendritic cells
  3. tactile cells (merkel cells)
  4. Melanocytes
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11
Q

What is the state of the cells of the stratum corneum

A

They are all dead cells that will fall off eventually

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12
Q

Which of the 5 layers of the epidermis is only found in areas where the skin is thick

A

Stratum Lucidum

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13
Q

What does the junction between the epidermis and the dermis look like

A

it is not flat, it is ondulating. (it has a bunch of little peaks and valleys in it)

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14
Q

What is the movement (through which layers) of an individual keratinocyte in the epidermis

A

it starts in the stratum basale, and moves superficial through all of the layers until it reaches the stratum corneum

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15
Q

Which cell type is the most common cell type in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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16
Q

what is the function of keratinocytes

A

they secrete keratin, which helps strengthen the skin

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17
Q

What is keratin

A

a hard protective protein

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18
Q

What are epidermal dendritic cells

A

Macrophages, they keep the epidermis clean

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19
Q

What are the tactile or merkel cells

A

they are cells that are attached to the nerves near the surface of the skin to help transmit information to the brain

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20
Q

What are the melanocytes

A

cells that secrete melanin

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21
Q

What is the function of melanin

A

it is dark substance that helps protect the body from UV radiation

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22
Q

What do we call an area in the skin where melanocytes are overactive

A

moles or freckles

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23
Q

What stimulates melanocytes to become more active

A

UV radiation

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24
Q

What are the factors that affect skin color

A

Hemoglobin (red hue)
Melanin (dark/brown hue)
Carotene (orange hue)

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25
Q

What is hemangioma, and what does it look like

A

it is a benign tumor of blood vessels (too many capillaries in one spot)
it is also called a strawberry hemangioma or port wine stain and it is a dark red stain on the skin

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26
Q

What is vitligo and what does it look like

A

it is depigmentation, a place where melanocytes aren’t active, or fail to make melanin.
It is just a spot on the skin without any color

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27
Q

What is albinism, and what does it look like

A

it is a congential disorder where melanocytes don’t make melanin.
it is a complete lack of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes

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28
Q

What is a potential problem with albinism

A

a high danger of sunburn and skin cancer

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29
Q

What are the layers of the dermis

A
  1. Papillary layer

2. Reticular layer

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30
Q

Which layer of the dermis is more superficial

A

papillary layer

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31
Q

which layer of the dermis is more deep

A

reticular layer

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32
Q

what kind of connective tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis

A

areolar connective tissue

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33
Q

what kind of connective tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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34
Q

Which layer of the skin (dermis or epidermis) is more vascularized

A

the dermis

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35
Q

which layer of the skin (dermis or epidermis) is more innervated

A

the dermis

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36
Q

What structure in the dermis causes goosebumps

A

the arrector pili muscle

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37
Q

What purpose does the raising of hairs by the arrector pili muscle serve for us

A

none, it is functional in more hairy animals

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38
Q

What is the more common name for striae

A

stretch marks

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39
Q

What causes striae (stretch marks)

A

torn collagen fibers (the skin stretches more than the collagen is able to)

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40
Q

What can help with stretch marks after they are formed

A

vitamin E

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41
Q

What causes wrinkles

A

decreased flexibility and thickness of the dermis

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42
Q

What are cleavage lines

A

they are lines that show in which direction collagen fibers are running (collagen fibers have a sort of grain like wood)

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43
Q

what performing surgery cutting in which direction in relation to cleavage lines will result in less scarring

A

cutting parallel to the cleavage lines will result in less scarring

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44
Q

What kinds of tissue make up the hypodermis (subcutaneous) layer

A

areolar and adipose tissue

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45
Q

What are the functions of the hypodermis

A

ATE

  1. anchors skin to the underlying tissues
  2. thermal insulation
  3. Energy reservoir
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46
Q

in which layer do you find the epidermal dendritic cells

A

stratum spinosum

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47
Q

in which layer of the epidermis do you find the tactile cells and the melanocytes

A

stratum basale

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48
Q

What are the dermal papillae

A

the mound like extensions of the dermis into the bottom of the epidermis

49
Q

What are the structures of the nail

A
  1. nail matrix (place from where the nail grows)
  2. lunula (white part of the nail near its base)
  3. cuticle (skin laying on the nail)
  4. Free edge (part you clip off)
50
Q

What are the three types of hair

A
  1. Luango
  2. Vellus
  3. Terminal
51
Q

Where do you find luagno hari

A

on new born babies

52
Q

where do you find vellus hair, and what is it like

A

its the fine, hard to see hair all over the body

53
Q

where do you find terminal hair, and what is it like

A

it is the dark course hair that you find on the head, facial hair, armpits, pubic region

54
Q

What are the functions of hair

A

SRP

  1. Sense touch
  2. reduce heat loss
  3. Protection
55
Q

What are the parts of hair

A
  1. follicle
  2. root
  3. shaft
    (arrector pili muscle)
56
Q

does hair contain keratin

A

yes

57
Q

What is allopecia

A

the thinning of hair in specific locations

58
Q

What is diffuse hair loss

A

the thinning of hair all over the head

59
Q

What is male pattern baldness

A

the thinning of hair on the top of the head and the upper back part of the head

60
Q

can women have “male pattern baldness”

A

yes, but they use some other name

61
Q

What are the two influences on male pattern baldness

A

genetics and hormones

62
Q

which hormone specifically causes male pattern baldness

A

testosterone (it causes terminal hair to revert back to vellus hair)

63
Q

how is male pattern baldness passed from generation to the next

A

it is X-linked, so it is passed from mother to son

64
Q

What is an endocrine gland

A

a gland that secretes its product into the blood (hormones)

65
Q

what are exocrine glands

A

a gland that secretes its product into ducts, or out onto the skin

66
Q

What are the types of exocrine glands

A
  1. Sebacious (oil) glands

2. Sudoriforous (sweat) glands

67
Q

What is the product of sebacious glands

A

sebum

68
Q

what are the two types of sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A

Merocrine (eccrine)

Apocrine

69
Q

Which is more numerous merocrine, or apocrine glands

A

merocrine

70
Q

what is the sweat like from merocrin glands

A

watery

71
Q

what is the sweat like from apocrine glands

A

viscous

72
Q

Where do you find merocrine (sudoriferous) glands

A

all over the body

73
Q

where do you find apocrin (sudoriferous) glands

A

in the armpits, nipples, and genital areas

74
Q

What causes acne

A

blocked sebacious glands

75
Q

where do you find sebacious glands

A

mostly on the face, a little all over the body, none on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet

76
Q

What is in the sweat of merocrine glands

A

mostly water, some electrolytes

77
Q

what is in the sweat of apocrine glands

A

protein, fats (these are used by bacteria as energy, and that is what makes Body Odor)

78
Q

Breast milk is modified _____________ Sweat

A

apocrine

79
Q

How do you differentiate between the three degrees of burns

A

how deep the burn goes

80
Q

what is a first degree burn

A

only the epidermis is damaged

81
Q

what does a first degree burn look like

A

red skin (a sunburn)

82
Q

what is a second degree burn

A

when the epidermis and only part of the dermis is damaged

83
Q

in which type of burn do you see blisters

A

a 2nd degree burn (fluid between the epidermis and dermis)

84
Q

What is a third degree burn

A

a burn that damages the entire epidermis, and the entire dermis (it can be much worse than just that too though)

85
Q

How are % of skin affected by burns calculated

A 
9% groups
Head = 9%
each upper limb = 9%
trunk = 36%
genitles = 1%
each lower limb is 18%

This is a little different for children

86
Q

What are the three types of skin cancer

A
  1. basal cell carcinoma
  2. squamous cell carcinoma
  3. malignant carcinoma
87
Q

What is the most common type of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma

88
Q

what is the least deadly type of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma

89
Q

where does a basal cell carcinoma originate

A

in the stratum basale

90
Q

Which type of skin cancer arises from keratinocytes

A

squamous cell carcinoma

91
Q

which is the most deadly type of skin cancer

A

malignant melanoma

92
Q

From where does a malignant melanoma occur

A

the melanocytes (usually a preexisting mole)

93
Q

What is the most crucial thing for overcoming malignant melanoma

A

early detection

94
Q

What are the ABCDs of malignant melanoma recognition

A 
A = asymmetry (half of the mole doesn't match the other)
B = Border (irregular or blurred border)
C = Color (not uniform, different shades)
D = diameter (larger than a 1/4 inch)
95
Q

What is Eczema

A

dryness and skin rash

96
Q

In what two types of people is Eczema common

A

babies and people with asthma

97
Q

is Eczema contagious

A

nope

98
Q

What is psoriasis

A

an overproduction of skin cells (keratinocytes)

99
Q

What are the symptoms of psoriasis

A

beefy red plaques
silver scaling skin
often on the scalp

100
Q

is psoriasis contagiuos

A

no

101
Q

what is the cure for psoriasis

A

there isn’t one

102
Q

What is rosacea

A

redness of the skin, papules, and pustules

103
Q

what can lead to rosacea

A

extreme temperatures
severe sunburn
alcohol consumption
medications

104
Q

What is urticaria

A

red raised itchy bumps

105
Q

what is another name for urticaria

A

hives

106
Q

what causes urticaria

A

may be caused by allergic reactions

107
Q

What are warts

A

bumps on the skin caused by HPV (human papilloma virus)

108
Q

What is cellulitis

A

inflammation of dermis and hypodermis

109
Q

when does cellulitis usually occur

A

at the site of a wound, or an IV drug injection site

110
Q

What is impetigo

A

highly contagious sores, usually on children

111
Q

what causes impetigo

A

a bacterial infection

  1. staphylococcus aureus
  2. strepococcus pyogenes
112
Q

What is a decubitus ulcer

A

a sore caused by pressure (a bedsore)

113
Q

what is the technical name for a bedsore

A

decubitus ulcer

114
Q

where are the most common locations of decubitus ulcers

A

sacrum
coccyx
heels
hips

115
Q

What is a keloid

A

a benign overgrowth of cartilage (excessive scarring)

116
Q

What is necrotizing fasciitis

A

Flesh eating bacteria

117
Q

what kinds of bacteria cause necrotising fasciitis

A

staph, strep, MRSA (methicilin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

118
Q

in what tissue does necrotising fasciitis occur

A

in the hypodermis

119
Q

How common is necrotising fasciitis

A

rare

DMD 5243 (17 decks)

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