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DMD 5243 > Histology (complete) > Flashcards

Histology (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps in prepping a tissue for analyzing

A
  1. obtain the tissue
  2. quickly place in a fixative
  3. sectioning the sample
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2
Q

what does a fixative do in preparing a tissue

A
  1. coagulate cellular protein
  2. harden gels
  3. inactivate enzymes
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3
Q

What are the two main types of sectioning for a tissue sample

A
  1. longitudinal cuts

2. transverse cuts

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4
Q

What is a longitudinal section

A

a cut that is made with the long axis of the tissue

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5
Q

What is a transverse section

A

a cut that is made perpendicular to the long axis of the tissue

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6
Q

What is the name of the most common histological stain

A

Hemotoxylin and Eosin (H&E)

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7
Q

What color is the nucleus of a cell going to be colored if a Hemotoxylin and Eosin stain is used

A

Blue

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8
Q

what color is the cytoplasm of a cell going to be if a Hemotoxylin and Eosin stain is used

A

Red or pink

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9
Q

What color will muscle and collagen be if a Hemotoxylin and eosin stain is used

A

Pink

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues in the body

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
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11
Q

Where does epithelial tissue come from (what germ layer)

A

All Three germ layers

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12
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A

Closely adhering sheets of cells

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13
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular

A

no, it is avascular

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14
Q

is epithelial tissue single layered or does it have multiple layers

A

it can be single layered or have multiple layers

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15
Q

what are the 4 main features of epithelial cells

A
  1. Mostly uninucleate
  2. Polyhedral
  3. Polarized
  4. undergo regular turnover
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16
Q

What does it mean that epithelial cells are polarized

A

that different sides of the cell are not the same. it has specific sides that do specific things

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17
Q

what are the specific sides of epithelial cells

A

Apical
Basal
Lateral

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18
Q

What is the apical end of epithilial cells (what does it border)

A

the apical end of the cell faces outward, away from the basement membrane

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19
Q

what is the basal end of epithelial cells (what does it border)

A

the basal end of the cell borders, or is up against the basement membrane

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20
Q

Where is the basement membrane usually found

A

between the epithelial tissue and underlying tissue

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21
Q

Do epithelial cells usually undergo regular turnover

A

yes

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22
Q

What is the basement membrane

A

it is an extracellular selective filter between epithelium and connective tissues

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23
Q

what kind of cells is the basement membrane made from

A

it isn’t made from cells it is extracellular

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24
Q

What are the main components of the basement membrane

A
  1. collagen (type 4 and 7)
  2. proteglycans
  3. laminin
  4. entactin
  5. fibronectin
  6. underlying reticular fibers
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25
Q

What does the basement membrane control

A
  1. cellular growth
  2. cellular metabolism
  3. cellular differentiation
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26
Q

What are the three layers of the basement membrane

A
  1. lamina lucida
  2. lamina densa (basal lamina)
  3. lamina fibroreticularis
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27
Q

What are the two main types of collagen found in the basement membrane

A

type 4 and 7

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28
Q

What is another name for the lamina densa (middle layer of the basement membrane)

A

basal lamina

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29
Q

What is the order of the layers of the basement membrane from deepest to most superficial

A

lamina fibroreticularis
lamina densa (basal lamina)
lamina lucida

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30
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found

A
  1. covers body surfaces (inside and out)
  2. lines internal cavities
  3. inside of various organs and glands
  4. lines ducts
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31
Q

What is the main function of epithelial tissues

A

it is a Barrier

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32
Q

What are the 7 things epithelial tissues can do along with being a barrier

A
  1. protect
  2. absorb
  3. secrete
  4. transport
  5. contract
  6. filter
  7. sense
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33
Q

What is an example of epithelial tissue that protects

A

epidermal epithelium

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34
Q

What is an example of epithelial tissue that absorbs

A

intestinal epithelium

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35
Q

What is an example of epithelial tissue that secretes

A

glandular epithelium

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36
Q

What is an example of epithelial tissue that transports

A

respiratory epithelium

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37
Q

What is an example of epithelial tissue that contracts

A

myoepithelium

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38
Q

What is an example of epithelial tissue that filters

A

glomerular epithelium

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39
Q

What is an example of epithelial tissue that senses

A

neuro-epithelium

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40
Q

What are the three things upon which epithelial nomenclature is based

A
  1. cell layers
  2. cell shape
  3. surface modifications
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41
Q

What are the three primary cell shapes of epithelial tissues

A
  1. squamous
  2. cuboidal
  3. columnar
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42
Q

describe squamous shaped cells

A

short, Flat cells, like a pizza

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43
Q

Describe cuboidal shaped cells

A

cube shaped cells, like a cube

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44
Q

describe columnar shaped cells

A

tall skinny cells, like a pringles can

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45
Q

What is transitional epithelium

A

a special kind of epithelium that is stratified and has umbrella cells. It is found in the urinary system and can expand and recoil

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46
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found

A

urinary system:

  1. urinary bladder
  2. renal pelvis
  3. ureters
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47
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium

A

it can expand and recoil after strecthing

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48
Q

What are umbrella cells and where are they found

A

they are long flat cells that lie at the most apical end of the transitional epithelium found in the urinary bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis

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49
Q

What are the three layer types of epithelial tissues

A
  1. simple
  2. stratified
  3. pseudostratified
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50
Q

what are the layers like in a simple epithelial tissue

A

a single layer of cells, all cells being roughly the same height (all cells attached to the basement membrane)

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51
Q

What are the layers like in stratified epithelial tissue

A

multiple layers of cells (only the deepest layer of cells are attached to the basement membrane)

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52
Q

what are the layers like in pseudo stratified epithelial tissue

A

it is one single layer of cells, but not cells are the same height, some are tall, some are short. it looks like it is stratified but it is not. (all cells are attached to the basement membrane)

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53
Q

Where is simple, squamous epithelium found, and what is its function

A

locations:

  1. lining of ventral body cavities
  2. lining of heart and vessels
  3. some parts of kidney tubules
  4. inner lining of the cornea
  5. exchange surfaces of the lungs

Functions:

  1. reduce friction
  2. controls vessel permeability
  3. absorption and secretion
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54
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found, and what is its function

A

locations:

  1. glands
  2. ducts
  3. some parts of kidney tubules
  4. thyroid gland

Functions

  1. limited protection
  2. secretion and or absorption
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55
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found and what is its function

A

Locations

  1. lining of stomach
  2. lining of gallbladder
  3. lining of intestines
  4. lining of uterine tubes
  5. kidney collecting ducts

functions

  1. protection
  2. secretion
  3. absorption
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56
Q

Where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and what is its function

A

locations

  1. lining of nasal cavity
  2. lining of trachea and bronchi
  3. portions of the male reproductive tract

functions

  1. protection
  2. secretion
  3. move mucus (with cilia)
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57
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium and what is its function

A

locations
1. surface of the skin
2. lining of mouth, throat, esophagus
3, lining of rectum, anus, and vagina

functions
1. physical protection against abrasions, pathogens and chemical attack

58
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium and what is its function

A

locations
1. lining of some ducts (rare)

function
2. protect, secrete, absorb
59
Q

where is stratified columnar epithelium and what is its function

A 
location
1. small areas of the pharynx and epiglottis
2. anus
3. mammary glands
4. salivary gland ducts
5, urethra

functions
1. protection

60
Q

What are the three luminal surface modifications for epithelial cells

A
  1. microvilli
  2. stereocilia
  3. cilia
61
Q

What is microvili, what is its function, and where is it found

A
  1. there are closely spaced finger like extensions
  2. increase the surface area thus increasing absorption
  3. it is found in the kidney and intestine
62
Q

What is stereocilia and where is it found

A
  1. it is elongated microvilli

2. it is found in the epididymus, vas deferens, and sensory epithelium of the ear

63
Q

what is another name for stereocilia

A

stereovilli

64
Q

What is cilia, what is its function, and where is it found

A
  1. elongated motile extensions of the cell
  2. it moves fluids and particles
  3. it is found in the trachea, bronchioles, oviducts and other places
65
Q

What are the things that make up cilia

A

microtubules

66
Q

Can epithelial cells perform secretion

A

Yes

67
Q

What two things control epithelial secretions

A

hormones and nervous activity

68
Q

What 4 things can epithelial cells produce and secrete

A
  1. protein
  2. mucin
  3. lipid (steroids)
  4. Ions and water
69
Q

What are the key features of epithelial cells that produce and secrete protein

A
  1. they have a well developed rough ER

2. they have considerable polarity (granules are located apically)

70
Q

Where will you see the granules produced by epithelial cells that produce and secrete proteins

A

at the apical end of the cell

71
Q

What are the key features of epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucin

A
  1. Well develop basal RER
  2. they have supranuclear golgi
  3. large clear apical secretory vesicles full of mucin
72
Q

What is mucin

A

a proteoglycan that is up to 85% carbohydrate

73
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

repeating dissacharides

74
Q

How many GAGs can be found per mucin monomer

A

hundreds

75
Q

Are GAGs/mucin hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic

76
Q

what do GAGs/mucin become when fully hydrated

A

Mucus

77
Q

What are the key features of epithelial cells that produce and secrete lipids/steroids

A
  1. have well developed smooth ER

2. have free lipids in vaculoles

78
Q

What are the two types of glands

A

exocrine and endocrine

79
Q

What are the three types of secretion by exocrine glands

A
  1. merocrine
  2. holocrine
  3. apocrine
80
Q

What is a merocrine secretion from exocrine glands

A

when a product is delivered by vesicles and exits via exocytosis

81
Q

What is an example of a gland that uses a merocrine secretion

A

salivary glands

82
Q

what is a holocrine secretion

A

when a product accumulates and then is released when a cell undergoes apoptosis

83
Q

What is an example of a gland that uses holocrine secretion

A

sebaceous glands (by hair follicles on the skin)

84
Q

What is an apocrine secretion

A

a product accumulates in the apical portion of the cell, then it is released when the plasma membrane fuses around the product, and the apical end of the cell with the products breaks off, then breaks down

85
Q

what is an example of a gland that uses apocrine secretion

A

mammary glands

86
Q

What are the two types of products that can be secreted from exocrine glands

A

mucus secretions and serous secretions

87
Q

What is a mucus secretion like

A
  1. viscous
  2. slimy
  3. glycosylated
88
Q

Where do we have mucus secretions

A
  1. mucus from the goblet cells of the GI tract or trachea
  2. spithelial cells in the stomach
  3. sublingual salivary glands
89
Q

What is a serous secretion like

A
  1. watery

2. poorly, or non glycosylated

90
Q

Where do we have serous secretions

A
  1. sweat glands of the skin
  2. parotid glands
  3. pancreas
91
Q

Are exocrine glands unicellular or multicellular

A

both

92
Q

What is a unicellular gland

A

a single cell that both produces and secretes

93
Q

what is an example of unicellular glands

A

goblet cells of the respiratory and GI tract

94
Q

What are multicellular glands

A

glands composed of more than one cell

95
Q

What are examples of multicellular glands

A
  1. intestinal glands
  2. sweat glands
  3. salivary glands
  4. mammary glands
96
Q

What does a multicellular gland look like

A

a bunch of cells that invaginate into the tissue (resembles a mine)

97
Q

What is the purpose of the invaginations seen in multicellular glands

A

to increase surface area

98
Q

What are the two types of cells that can be found in multicellular glands

A

secretory cells

ductal cells

99
Q

What is nomenclature of multicellular glands based on

A
  1. branched or non-branched DUCT (compound or simple)
  2. Shape of secretory portion (acinar or tubular)
  3. complexity of secretory portion (coiled or branched)
100
Q

what is it called when a multicellular gland has a branched duct

A

a compound gland

101
Q

what is it called when a multicellular gland doesn’t have a branched duct

A

simple

102
Q

What are the two different shapes of the secretory portion of mutlicellular glands

A

tubular

acinar

103
Q

what is the difference in shape between tubular glands and acinar glands

A

tubular glands are consistently shaped cells in the secretory portion of the gland
acinar glands have the deepest cells (the ones at the end of the gland’s duct) that are larger, this creates a bulge at the bottom of the gland

104
Q

What are the different complexities of the secretory portion of multicellular glands

A

coiled or branched

105
Q

What type of tissue makes up the major structural constituents of the body

A

connective tissue

106
Q

Where does connective tissue come from (germ layer)

A

almost exclusively Mesoderm/mesenchyme

107
Q

What are the three types of connective tissues

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. fluid connective tissue
  3. supporting connective tissue
108
Q

What are the two main components of connective tissue

A
  1. Support cells

2. Extracellular matrix

109
Q

what is the function of the support cells of connective tissues

A

it produces the abundant extracellular matrix

110
Q

What are the three main components of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

A
  1. connective tissue fibers
  2. ground substance
  3. extracellular fluid
111
Q

What are the two types of fibers found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues

A
  1. collagen

2. elastic fibers

112
Q

What are the characteristics of collagen fibers

A

they are flexible with high tensile strength

113
Q

What is tropocollagen

A

collagen fibers made up of a triple helix of intertwined polypeptides

114
Q

What are the amino acids used in collagen

A
  1. glycine
  2. hydroxyproline
  3. hydroxylysine
  4. proline
115
Q

how many different types of collagen are there

A

at least 19

116
Q

what does type 1 collagen do

A

it is fibrous supporting tissue providing mechanical support and tensile strength

117
Q

What does type 2 collagen do

A

its found in hyaline cartilage

118
Q

what does type 3 collagen do

A

it is known as reticulin, it is delicate and forms a branched meshwork

119
Q

what does type 4 collagen do

A

contributes to the mesh of basement membrane

120
Q

what does type 7 collagen do

A

forms anchoring fibrils that link to the basement membrane

121
Q

which two types of collagen are associated with the basement membrane

A

type 4 and type 7

122
Q

Where do we find reticulin (type 3 collagen that is narrow and not bundled, forms a network)

A

in the lymph node and liver

123
Q

What is the purpose of elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix

A

they allow a response to stretch and distension

124
Q

what makes up elastic fibers

A

an elastin core and fibrin molecules

125
Q

how do elastic fibers compare to collagen fibers

A

they are thinner

126
Q

are branching patterns possible with elastic fibers

A

yes

127
Q

What produces elastic fibers

A

fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

128
Q

Where can you find elastic fibers

A

large arteries
lung
trachea

129
Q

What is the ground substance of the extracellular matrix

A

it is the fluid in which the components of the extracellular matrix sit

130
Q

what are the characteristics of the ground substance

A
  1. viscous
  2. clear
  3. slippery
  4. High water content
  5. Low morphological structure
131
Q

What are the functions of the ground substance

A
  1. diffusion of nutrients and wastes
  2. lubricant
  3. barrier
132
Q

What is the primary component of the ground substance

A

proteoglycans

133
Q

What are proteglycans

A
  1. large molecules

2. covalently bound GAG molecules with a protein core

134
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper

A

loose connective tissue

dense connective tissue

135
Q

does dense, or loose connective tissue get subclassified into irregular and regual

A

dense connective tissue

136
Q

What are the specialized connective tissues

A
  1. adipose
  2. cartilage
  3. bone
  4. blood
  5. hematopoetic tissue
  6. lymphatic tissue
137
Q

what are the components of loose connective tissue

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastic
  3. watery matrix
  4. fibroblasts
  5. macrophages
  6. mast cells
  7. fat cells
138
Q

How does dense connective tissue compare to loose connective tissue

A

Dense has fewer cells, and more abundant fibers

139
Q

What is the fynction of connective tissue proper

A

resistance and protection

140
Q

What is the dominant cell type in adipose tissue

A

adipocyte

141
Q

what are the functions of adipose tissue

A

cushion
insulate
energy and water storage
endocrine tissue

142
Q

what are the differences between brown and white adipose tissues

A

white has one large lipid droplet, brown has a few lipid droplets per cell
white is highly vascularized, but not as much as brown
brown adipocytes are smaller than white adipocytes

DMD 5243 (17 decks)

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