Blood (complete) Flashcards
What are the three main parts of the cardiovascular system
- Heart
- Vessels
- Blood
What are the Three main functions of the blood
- Transportation
- Regulation
- Protection
What does blood transport
- Oxygen
- CO2
- nutrients
- Hormones
- Waste
What part of the blood transports oxygen and CO2
Red blood cells
What is the part of the blood that transports hormones, nutrients and waste
The plasma
What does the blood help the body to regulate
- temperature
- body pH
- body fluid levels
What part of the blood helps the body regulate temperature
the plasma
How does the blood help protect the body
- protection from infection
- transports infection fighting antibodies
- forms blood clots
What is the average blood volume in an adult
between 4-6 liters
what is the average temperature of the blood
38 degrees celcius
100.4 degrees farenheight
is blood more or less viscous than water
more
is blood acidic, neutral, or alkaline
slightly alkaline (pH = 7.35 - 7.45)
What is the hematocrit
a measurement of the percentage of blood that is made up of RBC’s
What is the typical hematocrit for men, and for women
Men = 40% - 54% Women = 37% - 47%
What are the typical percentages of blood composition of plasma, buffy coat, and Red blood cells
plasma = 55%
buffy coat = 1%
Red blood cells = 44%
What can cause changes to hematocrit naturally
- hormone changes
2. altitude changes
What is the effect of blood doping
increased hematocrit, which is thought to favorably affect muscle performance
What are the two ways that people do blood doping
- they remove and store a unit of blood, then wait for the body to replace the lost blood and reinject the blood back into the body
- they use EPO (erythropoetin stimulates RBC production)
What can be a danger of blood doping
it increases the viscosity of the blood, which can lead to heart failure
What makes up plasma
- Water
- Proteins
- Other solutes
What percentage of plasma is water, proteins, and other solutes
Water is 92%
Proteins are 7%
Other solutes are 1%
What makes up the buffy coat
platelets and leukocytes
What are the 4 main protein types in the blood
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Regulatory proteins
list the blood plasma proteins from most abundent to least abundent
Albumins (60%)
Globulins (35%)
Fibrinogen (4%)
Regulatory proteins (1%)
What do albumins do in the blood
transport substances (fatty acids, thyroid, and steroid hormones)
What do globulins do in the blood
- They are antibodies (immunoglobins)
2. Transport globulins (proteins)
What does fibrinogen do in the blood
they help form clots
they produce long-insoluble strands of fibrin
What are examples of regulatory proteins that can be found in blood plasma
insulin, prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH
what is found in RBCs (Red blood cells)
Hemoglobin
Are there nuclei, and mitochondria is RBCs or any organelles
nope
What is the function of Hemoglobin
it binds and transports Oxygen to the cells, and carbon dioxide from the cells
What causes blood to be red
hemoglobin
In Men and women, how many RBCs will there be in 1 microliter of whole blood on average
Males = 4.5-6.3 million Females = 4.2 - 5.5 million
What is the shape of a red blood cell
it is a biconcave disk
what is significant about a RBC having a biconcave disk shape
- they have a high surface to volume ratio
2. this allows them to pick up and release Oxygen and CO2 quickly
What is a rouleaux
when RBCs stack up in while traveling through small vessels
Are RBCs flexible
yes, they bend and flex while entering small capillaries
How long is the life cycle of a RBC
120 days
Where are RBCs formed
in the red bone marrow
what is a erythrocyte
a red blood cell
What happens to aged erythrocytes
they are phagocytized in the liver and spleen
what organs break down old and used RBCs
the liver and spleen (not the kidneys)
What is the normal hemoglobin amounts in an adult male
13-18 g/dL of whole blood
What is the normal hemoglobin amounts in an adult female
12-16 g/dL of whole blood
What is the structure of hemoglobin
- 4 globular protein subunits
- 4 Heme units (1 per protein subuint)
- 4 Iron units (1 per protein subunit)
What is is the purpose of the iron in hemoglobin
it can bind and release oxygen easily
What does hemoglobin do in high O2 areas like the lungs
it binds O2 and releases CO2
What does hemoglobin do in lower O2 areas like the tissues.
it releases O2 and binds CO2 and carries the CO2 to the lungs where it will release it and pick up oxygen
what percent of the circulating RBCs are worn out per day (phagocytized in the liver and spleen)
1%
How many RBCs are phagocytized in the liver and spleen per second
3 million
What are the parts left after macrophages of the spleen, liver, and bone have phagocytized the Hemoglobin of an RBC
globular proteins
Heme
Iron
what happens to the globular proteins from the breakdown of hemoglobin
they are converted into amino acids
what happens to the heme that is leftover from the breakdown of hemoglobin
it is converted into biliverdin, then into bilirubin and excreted
What happens to the iron that is leftover from the breakdown of hemoglobin
it is used in transport proteins and storage proteins
What is hemoglobinuria
when the products of the breakdown of hemoglobin are found in the urine due to excessive hemolysis in the bloodstream
What is hematuria
when whole red blood cells are found in the urine due to kidney or tissue damage
what happens after biliverdin is converted into bilirubin
it is excreted by the liver with bile
What do you call it when you have too much bilirubin
jaundice
What is erythropoiesis
the creation of RBCs
in adults where does erythropoiesis occur
in the red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
What building blocks do you need to build red blood cells
- amino acids
- iron
- Vitamin B 12
- Vitamin B 6
- folic acid
What is pernicious anemia
Low RBC production due to lack of vitamin B 12
What is the hormone that stimulates Erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin (EPO)
What stimulates the secretion of EPO
low oxygen (hypoxia)
What causes hypoxia
usually disease or high altitude
What are different stages of erythropoiesis
- Hemocytoblast
- Myeloid Stem cell
- Proerythroblast
- Reticulocyte
- Mature erythroblast
What happens in the change from a proerythroblast to a reticulocyte
the proerythroblast ejects it nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte
At what point in erythropoiesis is a cell put into the blood stream
while it is a reticulocyte
What is polycythemia
too many erythrocytes in the blood
What is the main problem with polycythemia
increases viscosity of the blood, placing strain on the heart
What is anemia
too few RBCs, leads to low O2
What determines what blood type you are
the antigens on the surface of your RBCs
What type of antigens, and antibodies are found in type A blood
A - antigen
anti B - antibodies
What type of antigens, and antibodies are found in type B blood
B - antigen
anti A - antibodies
What type of antigens, and antibodies are found in type AB blood
A and B antigens
Neither anti A or anti B antibodies
What type of antigens, and antibodies are found in type O blood
neither A or B antigens
Both anti A and anti B antibodies
What does it mean if you are + for the RH factor
that you have the RH antigen, and no antibodies
what does it mean if you are - for the RH factor
they you do not have the RH antigen and you still dont have the antibodies until you are exposed to the antigen (this usually occurs when a RH- mother gives birth to an RH + baby, this will create a problem if the RH- mother gives birth to a second RH + baby)
What blood type is the universal donor
type O -
What blood type is the universal acceptor
type AB +
What test is done to see if a blood transfusion will be successful
An agglutination test
How do you know if an agglutination test is unsuccessful
you sill see agglutination, or clumping of cells
how do you know if an agglutination test is successful
you will see no agglutination or clumping of cells
What are some major differences between leukocytes and erythrocytes
- leukocytes are larger
- they don’t have hemoglobin
- they have a nucleus and organelles
- they function in immunity
What are the functions of leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Initiate the immune response
- defend against pathogens
- Remove toxins and waste
- attack abnormal cells
Where are most WBCs found
in connective tissue proper and lymphatic system organs
how many WBCs are actually found in the blood
small amounts
5000 to 10000 per microliter
What is diapedesis
WBCs leaving the blood and entering the tissues
What is chemotaxis
WBCs being attracted to the site of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens
What are the 5 types of leukocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
arrange the 5 types of leukocytes from most common in the body to least common
- neutrophils ( 50 - 70%)
- lymphocytes (20 - 30%)
- monocytes (2-8%)
- eosinophils (2-4%)
- basophils (less than 1%)
what are the two different categories of leukocytes
granulocytes and Agranulocytes
which of the leukocytes are granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Which of the leukocytes are agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
What are the main characteristics of Neutrophils
- most common leukocyte
- first to respond
- very active
- phagocytize pathogens
- form pus
What are the main characteristic of Eosinophils
- small amount
- destroy parasites
- excrete toxic compounds
- important in allergies
- stain red typically
What are the main characteristics of basophils
- least common
- release histamine
- release heparin
- stain blue typically
What are the main characteristic of lymphocytes
- 2nd most common leukocyte
- larger than RBCs
- reside in lymphatic tissues and move in and out of blood
- coordinates immune response
- Tcells, B cells, Natural killer cells
What are the main characteristics of monocytes
- small amount
- Exits the blood and becomes a macrophage
- phagocytize pathogens and debris
- atrract fibrocytes and immune cells to the injury
What are the three main types of lymphocytes
- B-lymphocytes
- T-Lymphocytes
- Natural killer cells
What do B-lymphocytes do
- function in humoral immunity
- differentiate into plasma cells
- synthesize antibodies
What do T-lymphocytes do
- Cell-Mediated immunity
2. Directly attack foreign cells
What do Natural Killer Cells do
Detect and Destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers)
What is Leukopoiesis
White Blood Cell production
What are the two types of stem cells that differentiate into white blood cells
Myeloid stem cells
lymphoid stem cells
What types of leukocytes differentiate from myeloid stem cells
all White Blood Cells except lymphocytes
What types of leukocytes differentiate from lymphoid stem cells
Lymphocytes
What are the different stages of differentiation of a basophil
- hemoctyoblast
- Myeloid Stem cell
- Progenitor cell
- Myeloblast
- Myleocyte
- Band Cell
- Basophil
(same as eosinophils and neutrophils)
What are the different stages of differentiation of a eosinophil
- hemoctyoblast
- Myeloid Stem cell
- Progenitor cell
- Myeloblast
- Myleocyte
- Band Cell
- eosinophil
(same as basophils and neutrophils)
What are the different stages of differentiation of a neutrophil
- hemoctyoblast
- Myeloid Stem cell
- Progenitor cell
- Myeloblast
- Myleocyte
- Band Cell
- neutrophil
(same as basophils and eosinophils)
What are the different stages of differentiation of platelets
- Hemocytoblast
- Myeloid Stem cell
- Progenitor cell
- Megakaryocyte
- platelets
What are the different stages of differentiation of monocytes
- Hemocytoblast
- Myeloid Stem cell
- Progenitor cell
- Monoblast
- Promonocyte
- Monocyte
What are the different stages of differentiation of a erythrocyte
- Hemocytoblast
- myeloid stem cell
- progenitor cell
- Proerythroblast
- Reticulocyte
- Erythrocyte
What are the different stages of differentiation of a lymphocyte
- Hemocytoblast
- lymphoid stem cell
- Lymphoblast
- prolymphocyte
- lymphocyte
What are the different factors that affect which type of blood cells will form from a myeloid stem cell
- M-CSF = monocytes
- G-CSF = Granulocytes
- GM-CSF = Granulocytes and monocytes
- Multi-CSF = Granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs
- EPO = Red Blood Cells
lymphocytes can be either B, T, or natural killer cells. Where do the lymphocytes differentiate into B, T and natural killer cells
B-lymphocytes and Natural killer cells mature in the bone
T-Lymphocytes mature in the thymus
What is the normal white blood count
between 5 and 10 thousand per microliter of blood
What is leukocytosis
High WBC count
What is leukopenia
Low WBC count
What is leukemia
cancer in the leukocyte forming cells, this causes an increase in abnormal leukocytes
What is another name for platelets
thrombocytes
From where to platelets come
they come from a fragmented megakaryocytes
How long do platelets “live” for
8 to 12 days
What organ removes old platelets
the spleen
Are most of the platelets we have constantly being used
no, 2/3 of platelets are saved for emergencies
What is the normal platelet count in blood
150,000 to 500,000 per microliter of blood
What is thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count
what is thrombocytosis
High platelet count
What are three functions of platelets
- Release important clotting chemicals
- temporarily patch damaged vessel walls
- Reduce size of a break in a vessel wall
What is hemostasis
the cessation of bleeding
What are the three (four) phases of hemostasis
- vascular phase
- platelet phase
- Coagulation phase
- Clot retraction
What happens in the vascular phase of hemostasis
the blood vessels is cut, and it reacts by contracting the smooth muscle around it, causing it to constrict and slow down blood through out of it. It also becomes “sticky” to platelets
What happens in the platelet phase of hemostasis
platelets bind to the sticky endothelial surfaces, to the basement membrane, to collagen fibers, and to each other. they release chemicals to stimulate aggregation, vascular spasm, clotting, and vessel repari
What are the three pathways of the coagulation phase of hemostasis
- Extrinsic pathway
- Intrinsic pathway
- Common pathway
What are the steps of the common pathway
- Factor X (activated by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathway) activates prothrombinase
- Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
- Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
What does the fibrin created by the pathways of the coagulation phase of hemostasis do in clotting
fibrin builds an insoluble network that traps blood cells and additional platelets, and holds them all together. this is a clot that seals off the damaged portion of the vessel
What happens in clot retraction
the platelets bound in the clot begin to retract and cause the clot to retract. (usually takes 30-60 minutes)
Where is EPO made
in the kidneys
