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DMD 5243 > Blood (complete) > Flashcards

Blood (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main parts of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Heart
  2. Vessels
  3. Blood
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2
Q

What are the Three main functions of the blood

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Regulation
  3. Protection
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3
Q

What does blood transport

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. CO2
  3. nutrients
  4. Hormones
  5. Waste
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4
Q

What part of the blood transports oxygen and CO2

A

Red blood cells

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5
Q

What is the part of the blood that transports hormones, nutrients and waste

A

The plasma

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6
Q

What does the blood help the body to regulate

A
  1. temperature
  2. body pH
  3. body fluid levels
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7
Q

What part of the blood helps the body regulate temperature

A

the plasma

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8
Q

How does the blood help protect the body

A
  1. protection from infection
  2. transports infection fighting antibodies
  3. forms blood clots
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9
Q

What is the average blood volume in an adult

A

between 4-6 liters

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10
Q

what is the average temperature of the blood

A

38 degrees celcius

100.4 degrees farenheight

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11
Q

is blood more or less viscous than water

A

more

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12
Q

is blood acidic, neutral, or alkaline

A

slightly alkaline (pH = 7.35 - 7.45)

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13
Q

What is the hematocrit

A

a measurement of the percentage of blood that is made up of RBC’s

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14
Q

What is the typical hematocrit for men, and for women

A 
Men = 40% - 54%
Women = 37% - 47%
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15
Q

What are the typical percentages of blood composition of plasma, buffy coat, and Red blood cells

A

plasma = 55%
buffy coat = 1%
Red blood cells = 44%

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16
Q

What can cause changes to hematocrit naturally

A
  1. hormone changes

2. altitude changes

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17
Q

What is the effect of blood doping

A

increased hematocrit, which is thought to favorably affect muscle performance

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18
Q

What are the two ways that people do blood doping

A
  1. they remove and store a unit of blood, then wait for the body to replace the lost blood and reinject the blood back into the body
  2. they use EPO (erythropoetin stimulates RBC production)
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19
Q

What can be a danger of blood doping

A

it increases the viscosity of the blood, which can lead to heart failure

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20
Q

What makes up plasma

A
  1. Water
  2. Proteins
  3. Other solutes
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21
Q

What percentage of plasma is water, proteins, and other solutes

A

Water is 92%
Proteins are 7%
Other solutes are 1%

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22
Q

What makes up the buffy coat

A

platelets and leukocytes

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23
Q

What are the 4 main protein types in the blood

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Regulatory proteins

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24
Q

list the blood plasma proteins from most abundent to least abundent

A

Albumins (60%)
Globulins (35%)
Fibrinogen (4%)
Regulatory proteins (1%)

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25
Q

What do albumins do in the blood

A

transport substances (fatty acids, thyroid, and steroid hormones)

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26
Q

What do globulins do in the blood

A
  1. They are antibodies (immunoglobins)

2. Transport globulins (proteins)

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27
Q

What does fibrinogen do in the blood

A

they help form clots

they produce long-insoluble strands of fibrin

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28
Q

What are examples of regulatory proteins that can be found in blood plasma

A

insulin, prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH

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29
Q

what is found in RBCs (Red blood cells)

A

Hemoglobin

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30
Q

Are there nuclei, and mitochondria is RBCs or any organelles

A

nope

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31
Q

What is the function of Hemoglobin

A

it binds and transports Oxygen to the cells, and carbon dioxide from the cells

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32
Q

What causes blood to be red

A

hemoglobin

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33
Q

In Men and women, how many RBCs will there be in 1 microliter of whole blood on average

A 
Males = 4.5-6.3 million
Females = 4.2 - 5.5 million
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34
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cell

A

it is a biconcave disk

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35
Q

what is significant about a RBC having a biconcave disk shape

A
  1. they have a high surface to volume ratio

2. this allows them to pick up and release Oxygen and CO2 quickly

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36
Q

What is a rouleaux

A

when RBCs stack up in while traveling through small vessels

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37
Q

Are RBCs flexible

A

yes, they bend and flex while entering small capillaries

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38
Q

How long is the life cycle of a RBC

A

120 days

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39
Q

Where are RBCs formed

A

in the red bone marrow

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40
Q

what is a erythrocyte

A

a red blood cell

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41
Q

What happens to aged erythrocytes

A

they are phagocytized in the liver and spleen

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42
Q

what organs break down old and used RBCs

A

the liver and spleen (not the kidneys)

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43
Q

What is the normal hemoglobin amounts in an adult male

A

13-18 g/dL of whole blood

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44
Q

What is the normal hemoglobin amounts in an adult female

A

12-16 g/dL of whole blood

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45
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin

A
  • 4 globular protein subunits
  • 4 Heme units (1 per protein subuint)
  • 4 Iron units (1 per protein subunit)
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46
Q

What is is the purpose of the iron in hemoglobin

A

it can bind and release oxygen easily

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47
Q

What does hemoglobin do in high O2 areas like the lungs

A

it binds O2 and releases CO2

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48
Q

What does hemoglobin do in lower O2 areas like the tissues.

A

it releases O2 and binds CO2 and carries the CO2 to the lungs where it will release it and pick up oxygen

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49
Q

what percent of the circulating RBCs are worn out per day (phagocytized in the liver and spleen)

A

1%

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50
Q

How many RBCs are phagocytized in the liver and spleen per second

A

3 million

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51
Q

What are the parts left after macrophages of the spleen, liver, and bone have phagocytized the Hemoglobin of an RBC

A

globular proteins
Heme
Iron

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52
Q

what happens to the globular proteins from the breakdown of hemoglobin

A

they are converted into amino acids

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53
Q

what happens to the heme that is leftover from the breakdown of hemoglobin

A

it is converted into biliverdin, then into bilirubin and excreted

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54
Q

What happens to the iron that is leftover from the breakdown of hemoglobin

A

it is used in transport proteins and storage proteins

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55
Q

What is hemoglobinuria

A

when the products of the breakdown of hemoglobin are found in the urine due to excessive hemolysis in the bloodstream

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56
Q

What is hematuria

A

when whole red blood cells are found in the urine due to kidney or tissue damage

57
Q

what happens after biliverdin is converted into bilirubin

A

it is excreted by the liver with bile

58
Q

What do you call it when you have too much bilirubin

A

jaundice

59
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

the creation of RBCs

60
Q

in adults where does erythropoiesis occur

A

in the red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

61
Q

What building blocks do you need to build red blood cells

A
  1. amino acids
  2. iron
  3. Vitamin B 12
  4. Vitamin B 6
  5. folic acid
62
Q

What is pernicious anemia

A

Low RBC production due to lack of vitamin B 12

63
Q

What is the hormone that stimulates Erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

64
Q

What stimulates the secretion of EPO

A

low oxygen (hypoxia)

65
Q

What causes hypoxia

A

usually disease or high altitude

66
Q

What are different stages of erythropoiesis

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. Myeloid Stem cell
  3. Proerythroblast
  4. Reticulocyte
  5. Mature erythroblast
67
Q

What happens in the change from a proerythroblast to a reticulocyte

A

the proerythroblast ejects it nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte

68
Q

At what point in erythropoiesis is a cell put into the blood stream

A

while it is a reticulocyte

69
Q

What is polycythemia

A

too many erythrocytes in the blood

70
Q

What is the main problem with polycythemia

A

increases viscosity of the blood, placing strain on the heart

71
Q

What is anemia

A

too few RBCs, leads to low O2

72
Q

What determines what blood type you are

A

the antigens on the surface of your RBCs

73
Q

What type of antigens, and antibodies are found in type A blood

A

A - antigen

anti B - antibodies

74
Q

What type of antigens, and antibodies are found in type B blood

A

B - antigen

anti A - antibodies

75
Q

What type of antigens, and antibodies are found in type AB blood

A

A and B antigens

Neither anti A or anti B antibodies

76
Q

What type of antigens, and antibodies are found in type O blood

A

neither A or B antigens

Both anti A and anti B antibodies

77
Q

What does it mean if you are + for the RH factor

A

that you have the RH antigen, and no antibodies

78
Q

what does it mean if you are - for the RH factor

A

they you do not have the RH antigen and you still dont have the antibodies until you are exposed to the antigen (this usually occurs when a RH- mother gives birth to an RH + baby, this will create a problem if the RH- mother gives birth to a second RH + baby)

79
Q

What blood type is the universal donor

A

type O -

80
Q

What blood type is the universal acceptor

A

type AB +

81
Q

What test is done to see if a blood transfusion will be successful

A

An agglutination test

82
Q

How do you know if an agglutination test is unsuccessful

A

you sill see agglutination, or clumping of cells

83
Q

how do you know if an agglutination test is successful

A

you will see no agglutination or clumping of cells

84
Q

What are some major differences between leukocytes and erythrocytes

A
  1. leukocytes are larger
  2. they don’t have hemoglobin
  3. they have a nucleus and organelles
  4. they function in immunity
85
Q

What are the functions of leukocytes (white blood cells)

A
  1. Initiate the immune response
  2. defend against pathogens
  3. Remove toxins and waste
  4. attack abnormal cells
86
Q

Where are most WBCs found

A

in connective tissue proper and lymphatic system organs

87
Q

how many WBCs are actually found in the blood

A

small amounts

5000 to 10000 per microliter

88
Q

What is diapedesis

A

WBCs leaving the blood and entering the tissues

89
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

WBCs being attracted to the site of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens

90
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
  4. monocytes
  5. lymphocytes
91
Q

arrange the 5 types of leukocytes from most common in the body to least common

A
  1. neutrophils ( 50 - 70%)
  2. lymphocytes (20 - 30%)
  3. monocytes (2-8%)
  4. eosinophils (2-4%)
  5. basophils (less than 1%)
92
Q

what are the two different categories of leukocytes

A

granulocytes and Agranulocytes

93
Q

which of the leukocytes are granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

94
Q

Which of the leukocytes are agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

95
Q

What are the main characteristics of Neutrophils

A
  1. most common leukocyte
  2. first to respond
  3. very active
  4. phagocytize pathogens
  5. form pus
96
Q

What are the main characteristic of Eosinophils

A
  1. small amount
  2. destroy parasites
  3. excrete toxic compounds
  4. important in allergies
  5. stain red typically
97
Q

What are the main characteristics of basophils

A
  1. least common
  2. release histamine
  3. release heparin
  4. stain blue typically
98
Q

What are the main characteristic of lymphocytes

A
  1. 2nd most common leukocyte
  2. larger than RBCs
  3. reside in lymphatic tissues and move in and out of blood
  4. coordinates immune response
  5. Tcells, B cells, Natural killer cells
99
Q

What are the main characteristics of monocytes

A
  1. small amount
  2. Exits the blood and becomes a macrophage
  3. phagocytize pathogens and debris
  4. atrract fibrocytes and immune cells to the injury
100
Q

What are the three main types of lymphocytes

A
  1. B-lymphocytes
  2. T-Lymphocytes
  3. Natural killer cells
101
Q

What do B-lymphocytes do

A
  1. function in humoral immunity
  2. differentiate into plasma cells
  3. synthesize antibodies
102
Q

What do T-lymphocytes do

A
  1. Cell-Mediated immunity

2. Directly attack foreign cells

103
Q

What do Natural Killer Cells do

A

Detect and Destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers)

104
Q

What is Leukopoiesis

A

White Blood Cell production

105
Q

What are the two types of stem cells that differentiate into white blood cells

A

Myeloid stem cells

lymphoid stem cells

106
Q

What types of leukocytes differentiate from myeloid stem cells

A

all White Blood Cells except lymphocytes

107
Q

What types of leukocytes differentiate from lymphoid stem cells

A

Lymphocytes

108
Q

What are the different stages of differentiation of a basophil

A
  1. hemoctyoblast
  2. Myeloid Stem cell
  3. Progenitor cell
  4. Myeloblast
  5. Myleocyte
  6. Band Cell
  7. Basophil

(same as eosinophils and neutrophils)

109
Q

What are the different stages of differentiation of a eosinophil

A
  1. hemoctyoblast
  2. Myeloid Stem cell
  3. Progenitor cell
  4. Myeloblast
  5. Myleocyte
  6. Band Cell
  7. eosinophil

(same as basophils and neutrophils)

110
Q

What are the different stages of differentiation of a neutrophil

A
  1. hemoctyoblast
  2. Myeloid Stem cell
  3. Progenitor cell
  4. Myeloblast
  5. Myleocyte
  6. Band Cell
  7. neutrophil

(same as basophils and eosinophils)

111
Q

What are the different stages of differentiation of platelets

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. Myeloid Stem cell
  3. Progenitor cell
  4. Megakaryocyte
  5. platelets
112
Q

What are the different stages of differentiation of monocytes

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. Myeloid Stem cell
  3. Progenitor cell
  4. Monoblast
  5. Promonocyte
  6. Monocyte
113
Q

What are the different stages of differentiation of a erythrocyte

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. myeloid stem cell
  3. progenitor cell
  4. Proerythroblast
  5. Reticulocyte
  6. Erythrocyte
114
Q

What are the different stages of differentiation of a lymphocyte

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. lymphoid stem cell
  3. Lymphoblast
  4. prolymphocyte
  5. lymphocyte
115
Q

What are the different factors that affect which type of blood cells will form from a myeloid stem cell

A
  1. M-CSF = monocytes
  2. G-CSF = Granulocytes
  3. GM-CSF = Granulocytes and monocytes
  4. Multi-CSF = Granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs
  5. EPO = Red Blood Cells
116
Q

lymphocytes can be either B, T, or natural killer cells. Where do the lymphocytes differentiate into B, T and natural killer cells

A

B-lymphocytes and Natural killer cells mature in the bone

T-Lymphocytes mature in the thymus

117
Q

What is the normal white blood count

A

between 5 and 10 thousand per microliter of blood

118
Q

What is leukocytosis

A

High WBC count

119
Q

What is leukopenia

A

Low WBC count

120
Q

What is leukemia

A

cancer in the leukocyte forming cells, this causes an increase in abnormal leukocytes

121
Q

What is another name for platelets

A

thrombocytes

122
Q

From where to platelets come

A

they come from a fragmented megakaryocytes

123
Q

How long do platelets “live” for

A

8 to 12 days

124
Q

What organ removes old platelets

A

the spleen

125
Q

Are most of the platelets we have constantly being used

A

no, 2/3 of platelets are saved for emergencies

126
Q

What is the normal platelet count in blood

A

150,000 to 500,000 per microliter of blood

127
Q

What is thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count

128
Q

what is thrombocytosis

A

High platelet count

129
Q

What are three functions of platelets

A
  1. Release important clotting chemicals
  2. temporarily patch damaged vessel walls
  3. Reduce size of a break in a vessel wall
130
Q

What is hemostasis

A

the cessation of bleeding

131
Q

What are the three (four) phases of hemostasis

A
  1. vascular phase
  2. platelet phase
  3. Coagulation phase
  4. Clot retraction
132
Q

What happens in the vascular phase of hemostasis

A

the blood vessels is cut, and it reacts by contracting the smooth muscle around it, causing it to constrict and slow down blood through out of it. It also becomes “sticky” to platelets

133
Q

What happens in the platelet phase of hemostasis

A

platelets bind to the sticky endothelial surfaces, to the basement membrane, to collagen fibers, and to each other. they release chemicals to stimulate aggregation, vascular spasm, clotting, and vessel repari

134
Q

What are the three pathways of the coagulation phase of hemostasis

A
  1. Extrinsic pathway
  2. Intrinsic pathway
  3. Common pathway
135
Q

What are the steps of the common pathway

A
  1. Factor X (activated by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathway) activates prothrombinase
  2. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
  3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
136
Q

What does the fibrin created by the pathways of the coagulation phase of hemostasis do in clotting

A

fibrin builds an insoluble network that traps blood cells and additional platelets, and holds them all together. this is a clot that seals off the damaged portion of the vessel

137
Q

What happens in clot retraction

A

the platelets bound in the clot begin to retract and cause the clot to retract. (usually takes 30-60 minutes)

138
Q

Where is EPO made

A

in the kidneys

DMD 5243 (17 decks)

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