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Hindlimb > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the growth phase of hair?

A

Anagen

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2
Q

What is the name of the shedding phase of hair?

A

Telogen

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3
Q

What happens if the anagen phase of hair growth is shorter than the telogen phase?

A

Hair will be shedded faster than it grows, leading to hair loss

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4
Q

How does hypothyroidism affect hair growth?

A

Causes anagen phase to be shorter and telogen to be longer - hair loss/bilateral alopecia

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5
Q

Where does the synthesis of keratin filaments occur?

A

Stratum basale

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6
Q

How does hard keratin differ to soft keratin?

A

Soft - elastic (e.g. skin)

Hard - contains more sulphur, less elastic, more permanent (e.g. nails, horns)

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7
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A
  • oil glands
  • produce sebum
  • empty into a hair follicle
  • not associated with thermoregulation
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8
Q

What are the two main components of sebum?

A
  • Dead epithelial cells

- Lipids

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9
Q

What are some of the functions of sebum?

A
  • helps prevents water loss
  • lubricates skin
  • inhibits bacteria growth
  • help spread sweat
  • oils hairs
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10
Q

What regulates sebaceous glands?

A

Sex steroid hormones

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11
Q

Which sweat glands are involved in thermoregulation in the skin?

A

Apocrine

Ecrine

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12
Q

What cells do both apocrine and ecrine glands contain?

A

Myoepithelial cells

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13
Q

Which species rely most on sweat glands for thermoregulation?

A
  • Horses and donkeys
  • Cattle
  • Humans
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14
Q

What are some other specialised skin glands found throughout different species?

A
  • anal sacs of cats and dogs
  • interdigital pouch of the sheep
  • infraorbital pouch
  • tail gland
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15
Q

Why is the production of melanin important?

A
  • Camouflage
  • Mimicry
  • Social communication
  • Protects against solar radiation
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16
Q

How is melanin secreted from melanocytes?

A
  • Melanin is synthesised and packed into vesicles
  • Vesicles are transferred into keratinocytes
  • when keratinocytes reach the surface of the skin melanin is shed
17
Q

Which hormone controls melanin synthesis?

A

MSH = melanocyte-stimulating hormone

18
Q

What is the production of MSH stimulated by?

A
  • UV light
  • Disease states
  • Other external signals e.g. camouflage
19
Q

Vitamin D is important in the homeostasis of what?

A

Calcium

20
Q

What is photosensitivity?

A
  • abnormal reaction to sunlight due to accumulation of photosensitive compounds below the skin
21
Q

What does an animals temperature depend on?

A

The balance between heat input and heat output

22
Q

Which 3 anatomical structures make up the ‘core’?

A

Brain, thorax and abdomen

23
Q

Where is temperature change detected?

A

Hypothalamus receives information from internal and external thermoreceptors

24
Q

Where are warm and cold receptors located?

A 
Warm = dermis
Cold = epidermis
25
Q

What can be stimulated at very cold or hot temperatures?

A

Nociceptors = pain receptors

26
Q

What are some motor output adaptations to cold stress?

A
  • behaviour
  • reduced skin blood blow
  • shivering
  • activation of brown fat
  • hormone secretion
27
Q

Which nervous system regulates blood flow to the skin?

A

Sympathetic

28
Q

Which change in nerve impulse frequency causes vasodilation?

A

Decreased frequency

29
Q

How is panting different to respiration?

A
  • rapid and shallow
  • no respiratory gas exchange
  • little energy expended
30
Q

How does shivering increase heat production?

A
  • Skeletal muscle produces heat when it contracts
31
Q

What is a brown fat cell?

A

A skeletal muscle cell with no actin or myosin

32
Q

What causes non shivering thermogenesis?

A

Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

33
Q

What are pyrogens/their role?

A

Some systemic illnesses increase the hypothalamic set point to higher than normal value

34
Q

List the mechanisms a pig will use to regulate its temperature on a hot day

A
  • Drink more, eat less
  • Wallow
  • Open posture
  • Seek shade
  • Move less
  • Vasodilation – they do not sweat
35
Q

Why are surgical patients at risk of hypothermia?

A
  • not moving
  • increased SA
  • losing heat through incision/prep
36
Q

How does an adult animals LCT and TNZ compare to that of an neonate?

A

Lower LCT and wider TNZ

Hindlimb (8 decks)

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