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MSK II > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

order of layers of thick epidermis from superficial to deep

A 
statum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
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2
Q

difference between thick and thin skin

A

thick:
- palms and soles
- less glandular components

thin:

  • widespread
  • glands and hair follicles
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3
Q

stratum basale

  • physical appearance
  • what does it contain
A

single layer of keratinocytes with stem cells

  • mitotically active
  • contains melanin
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4
Q

how is the stratum basale bound apically and basally

A

apically: desmosomes
basally: hemidesmosomes

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5
Q

stratum spinosum

  • physical appearance
  • what can it become
A

several layers thick containing polyhedral keratinocytes with spiny processes
- thickens with pressure to produce corns and calluses

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6
Q

stratum granulosum

  • physical appearance
  • what does it contain
A

thickest layer of non-keratinized portion of epidermis

- contains keratinocytes which contain keratohyalin granules

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7
Q

keratohyalin granules

A

contain keratohyalin which can then be involved in keratinization
also contain:
- basophilic, cystine and histadine rich proteins
- precursors to filagrin which assemble keratin into budles

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8
Q

filaggrin

A

protein that assembles keratin into bundles

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9
Q

stratum corneum

A

cells that have released their organelles and nucleus and are just filled with mature keratin; plasma membrane is coated with layer of lipids to form a water barrier

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10
Q

stratum lucidum

A

only well seen in thick skin; typically stains translucent; cells do not have organelles or nuclei

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11
Q

keratinocytes

A

predominant cells of the epidermis; produces keratins; participate in the epidermal water barrier

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12
Q

basal cells

A

synthesize keratin filaments that are grouped into bundles

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13
Q

tonofibrils

A

groups of keratin

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14
Q

spinous cells

A

where keratin synthesis continues and the synthesis of keratohyalin granules and lamellar bodies begins

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15
Q

lamellar bodies

A

fatty based granules that are released to contribute to the waterproof barrier

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16
Q

granular cells

A

discharge lamellar bodies for the water barrier; they contain keratinohyalin granules with filaggrin

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17
Q

filaggrin

A

protein that promotes aggregation of keratin filaments into tonofibrils

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18
Q

why do the keratinized cells have lower pH

A

low pH is required for losing the nucleus and other organelles so that the cells can be full of just mature keratin

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19
Q

where do new cells undergo division

A

stratum basale

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20
Q

melanocytes

  • derived from
  • where are they found
  • what do they do
A

derived from neural crest cells; scattered within stratum basale; produce melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes

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21
Q

melanin

A

pigment protein that protects nuclei from UV radiation

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22
Q

epidermal melanin unit

A

one melanocyte maintains an association with up to 36 keratinocytes

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23
Q

how is melanin produced

A

tyrosine is oxidized by tyrosinase into DOPA, which is then polymerized into melanin

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24
Q

pigment donation

A

melanin is made in premelanosomes which become melanosomes as more melanin is produced; melanosomes then produce pseudopodia containing melanocytes and keratinocytes phagocytose these

25
Q

Langerhan cells

A

antigen presenting cells that provide defense against pathogens; develop from monocytes
- activate t-lymphocytes

26
Q

where are the langerhan cells identifiable

A

stratum spinosum

27
Q

merkel cells

  • what are they
  • what do they do
A

epidermal cells that function in cutaneous sensation

  • provide acute sensory perception in the fingertips
  • reside in stratum basale
28
Q

merkel cell carcinoma

A

highly aggressive form of skin cancer due to uncontrolled proliferation

29
Q

papillary layer of dermis

A

loose connective tissue layer immediately beneath epidermis

  • thinner collagen fibers and elastic fibers
  • has vasculature and nerve endings
30
Q

reticular layer of dermis

A

deep to papillary layer

  • thick and less cellular
  • thick, irregular bundles of type 1 collagen and course elastic fibers
  • form Langer’s lines
31
Q

Langer’s lines

A

correspond to the natural orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis, and are generally parallel to the orientation of the underlying muscle fibers
- used for surgical incisions (c-sections)

32
Q

hypodermis (subcutaneous fascia)

A

adipose tissue deep to the dermis

  • energy storage
  • insulation
  • have arrector pili muscles
33
Q

arrector pili muscles

A

attach to hair follicles

34
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

present in dermal papillae just beneath dermis; contain touch receptors responsive to low frequency stimuli
- ex: reading braille

35
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

found in deeper dermis and hypodermis; detects pressure or vibration; myelinated nerve ending surrounded by a capsule structure
- ex: fingertips, joints, periosteum, internal organs

36
Q

free nerve endings

  • where do they terminate
  • what are they sensitive to
  • additional function
A

nerve endings that lack connective tissue and terminate in the stratum granulosum

  • sensitive to fine touch, head, cold, and pain
  • sensitive to hair movement
  • serve as mechanoreceptors
37
Q

how do merocrine (eccrine) glands secrete

A

secretion is delivered in membrane bound vesicles to apical surface and then undergo exocytosis

  • ex: sweat glands
  • everywhere except lips and external genitalia
38
Q

holocrine glands

A

secretion accumulates in the cell which causes apoptosis to occur, releasing cellular debris
- ex: sebaceous glands

39
Q

how apocrine glands secrete

A

bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing extracellular membrane-bound vesicles

  • ex: mammary glands
  • also located at axilla, areola, nipple, skin around anus, external genitalia, ear canal
40
Q

sebaceous glands

A

produce a lipid mixture with sebum via holocrine secretion

  • lubricates and softens skin
  • waterproofs skin
41
Q

pilosebaceous canal

A

formed from sebum being discharged into the infundibulum (hair follicle)

42
Q

two types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands

A

eccrine (merocrine)

apocrine

43
Q

eccrine sweat glands

  • physical appearance
  • what cells are the ducts made of
  • secretion is facilitated by
  • subject to what kind of regulation
A

simple, coiled glands

  • ducts are stratified cuboidal
  • expulsion of secretions facilitated by myopeithelial cells
  • cholinergic regulation
44
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

facilitate expulsion of secretions in eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

45
Q

components of sweat from eccrine glands

A

water, salt, ammonia, uric acid, and mucinogen granules

46
Q

cholinergic regulation

A

sweating for temperature regulation purposes

47
Q

apocrine sweat glands

  • physical appearance
  • what cells are the ducts made of
  • what kind of secretion do they use
  • secretion is facilitated by
  • subject to what kind of regulation
A

large-lumen, tubular glands

  • ducts are stratified cuboidal
  • use merocrine secretion
  • expulsion of secretions facilitated by myopeithelial cells
  • subject to adrenergic regulation
48
Q

adrenergic regulation

A

sweating when nervous, not for temp regulation

49
Q

infundibulum

A

hair follicle; extends from surface of opening to the opening of its sebaceous gland

50
Q

follicular bulge

A

bulge near insertion of the arrector pili muscles containing epidermal stem cells

51
Q

bulb in hair follicles

A

expanded inferior segment of the hair follicle

- invaginated by vascularized dermal papilla

52
Q

hair matrix

A

consists of matrix cells that rapidly divide and differentiate causing hair growth

53
Q

medulla of the hair shaft

A

central part of the shaft; column of large, loosely connected keratinized cells

54
Q

cortex of the hair shaft

A

largest layer of hair shaft located outside the medulla; cells are filled with hard keratin intermediate filaments

55
Q

cuticle of the hair shaft

A

outermost layer; consists of several layers of overlapping keratinized squamous cells

56
Q

nail root

A

the most proximal region of the nail that covers the nail matrix

57
Q

nail matrix

A

where stem cells divide and form keratinocytes

  • allow nail plate to remain attached to the nail bed
  • pushed forward by continuous growth
58
Q

lunula

A

crescent shaped white area near the nail matrix

59
Q

cuticle

A

extension of skin covering nail root

MSK II (17 decks)

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