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MSK II > Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissue cells are separated from each other by

A

extracellular matrix

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2
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM)

  • what is it
  • what is it like in bone
  • what does it carry
A

gel-like substance with embedded protein fibers

  • in bone it is mineralized
  • carries O2, CO2, nutrients, and wastes
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3
Q

3 types of adult fibrous connective tissues

A

loose (areolar)
dense regular
dense irregular

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4
Q

6 functions of connective tissues

A
  1. structural framework of body
  2. protection
  3. supports and interconnects tissues
  4. energy storage (adipose)
  5. transports fluids, cells, chemicals
  6. defense against microorganisms
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5
Q

fibroblasts

- what do they produce

A

produce collagens, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

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6
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

connective tissue stem cells

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7
Q

adipocytes

A

store and release fats

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8
Q

chondrocytes

A

produce and maintain cartilage components

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9
Q

osteoblasts

A

produce bone components

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10
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

produce red blood cells and immune cells

  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • lymphocytes
  • plasma cells
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11
Q

function of collagens in ECM

A

resists tension

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12
Q

function of elastins in ECM

A

stretchable fibers, assembly of tropoelastin, fibulin-1, fibrillins 1/2

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13
Q

function of reticular fibers in ECM

A

forms supportive meshwork

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14
Q

type 1 collagen fibers

A

aligned and cross-linked to increase tensile strength

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15
Q

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

A

abnormal collagen synthesis leading to weak collagen fibers

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16
Q

Scurvy

A

due to vitamin C deficiency; vitamin C is a cofactor in cross-linking collagen fibers
- weakens connective tissue

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17
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

autosomal dominant disorder where elastin is weak; caused by mutation in fibrillin-1 gene

  • targets ocular, skeletal, and cardiovascular systems
  • patients tend to be tall with long arms/legs
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18
Q

features of embryonic connective tissue

A

rich in ECM and mesenchymal stem cells; some collagen and reticular fibers

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19
Q

“Warton’s Jelly”

A

embryonic connective tissue in the umbilical cord

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20
Q

adult mesenchymal stem cells

A

multipotent stem cells that differentiate into a variety of cell types:

  • fibroblasts
  • muscle cells
  • osteoblasts
  • chondroblasts
  • adipocytes
21
Q

areolar tissue

A

a type of loose connective tissue; low density tissue with both fixed and wandering cells; widespread

22
Q

adipose tissue

A

a type of loose connective tissue; fat containing tissue

23
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

a type of loose connective tissue; rich in reticular fibers; forms an open framework to create a supportive mesh for holding free cells
- meshwork also houses blood cells and immune cells outside blood and lymph vessels

24
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

  • how are the fibers arranged
  • example
A

fibers are deposited in a random pattern

- ex: dermis of skin

25
Q

dense regular connective tissue

  • how are the fibers arranged
  • function
  • vascularization?
  • example
A

fibers are deposited in a highly regular patterns; resists pulling forces; poorly vascularized
- ex: tendons connecting skeletal muscle to bone

26
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

dense connective tissue rich in elastin fibers; allows recoil of tissue following stretching

27
Q

what are the three types of fixed cells in loose areolar connective tissue

A

fibroblasts
adipocytes
mesenchymal cells

28
Q

what are the four types of wandering cells in loose areolar connective tissue

A

macrophages
mast cells
leukocytes/lymphocytes
plasma cells

29
Q

functions of loose connective tissue

A
  • support and bind other tissues
  • hold body fluids
  • defense against infection
30
Q

where is loose connective tissue found

A
  • beneath membranous epithelia

- around blood vessels, muscles, and nerves

31
Q

function of adipose connective tissue

A
  • provides reserve energy source and insulates against heat loss
  • supports and protects organs
32
Q

where is adipose connective tissue found

A

under skin, around organs, within abdomen, breasts and buttocks

33
Q

white fat

- functions

A

functions in energy storage, insulation, cushioning vital organs, and hormone secretion

34
Q

brown fat

  • functions
  • babies vs adults
A

key thermogenic tissue, abundant in newborns, greatly reduced in adults

35
Q

where is reticular connective tissue found

A

liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen

36
Q

where is dense irregular connective tissue found

A

dermis of skin, capsules surrounding internal organs, perichondrium and periosteum, fascia

37
Q

what is the principle cell type of dense regular CT

A

fibroblasts

38
Q

where is elastic CT found

A

blood vessel walls, bronchiole tubes, special ligaments (ligamentum nuchae)

39
Q

function of fibroblasts

A

produce the collagen, elastin, reticular fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins in the ECM

40
Q

adipocytes

  • micrograph appearance
  • function
A

closely packed cells with nuclei pushed to the side by large fat droplet; removes lipids from blood and stores it and releases it into the bloodstream when needed
- provides reserve energy source

41
Q

macrophages

A

differentiate from monocytes; function is phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria/damaged cells/sick cells, removal of debris, and antigen processing and presentation

42
Q

mast cell

A

secrete chemicals such as histamine that mediate the allergic response and heparin (an anti-coagulant of blood)

43
Q

plasma cells

A

differentiate from B-lymphocytes; produce antibodies that mediate immunity

44
Q

3 types of proteoglycans

A
  • chondroitin sulfates
  • heparan sulfates
  • keratan sulfates
45
Q

hyaluronan

A

links proteoglycans into large link

- found a lot in cartilage

46
Q

integrin receptors

A

transmembrane linkers between ECM and cells

- used by migrating cells and epithelial cells

47
Q

syndecans

A

single transmembrane domain proteins that are thought to act as coreceptors

48
Q

CD44

A

cell surface adhesion receptor that is highly expressed in many cancers

49
Q

dystroglycans

A

cell adhesion receptor that connects ECM to cells

MSK II (17 decks)

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