Integrative Metabolism Flashcards
Describe the graph of phosphocreatine, glycolysis & oxidative phosphorylation metabolism
3 molecules that metabolic pathways interconnect at
- pyruvate
- triacylglycerols
- proteins
areas where pyruvate interconnects metabolic pathways
- reversible conversion to lactate
- conversion to acetyl CoA & oxidation through Citric Acid cycle
- conversion to oxaloacetate for use in Citric Acid cycle (via phosphoenolpyruvate)
- conversion to alanine (protein/carb metabolism)
areas where triacylglycerols interconnect metabolic pathways
- hydrolysed to glycerol & fatty acids
- communication with glycolysis & gluconeogenesis through Glycerol-3-phosphate
- Glycerol-3-phosphate required for triacylglycerol synthesis
- fatty acids converted to Acyl CoA (channelled into Citric Acid cycle)
areas where proteins interconnects metabolic pathways
- hydrolysed to amino acids which follow various catabolic routes
- incorporation of amino groups into urea
- compounds can be broken down to yield energy or synthesis of glucose or fatty acids
- pyruvate & compounds from citric acid cycle (produce proteins like creatine)
3 main energy systems & yield/speed of ATP production
factors that affect which energy source is used & when during exercise
- Exercise parameters (freq, intensity, time, type)
- Sex
- Age (mito function)
- Nutritional status
- Training state (health)
- Genome
- Environmental factors (temperature & oxygen availability)
running distances & energy systems mainly used
short = ATP & phosphocreatine & myokinase
medium = lactate & aerobic
long = aerobic
what is carbohydrate (CHO) loading?
- combination of diet & training manipulation
- lowering glycogen content intake (40% macro) to increase glycogen synthase
- 2-3 days of excess carb intake (70% macro)
comparing energy metabolism (following CHO intake) during exercise
adaptations of fat loading
- long term strict diet control
- increase in myocellular triacylglycerols
- increased uptake of plasma fatty acids by active muscles
- increased use of plasma triacylglycerols for energy production
difference between medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT) & long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT)
MCT absorbed faster than LCT
Muscle fibres & types of metabolism
how training affects the proportion of energy sources used during exercise
- muscle mitochondrial content increase = increased capacity to re-synthesis ATP during aerobic metabolism
- fatty acid uptake increase
- increased capillary density = increased delivery of substances for energy systems
Type 1 diabetes
- autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas
- No β cells = no insulin
Effect of exercise on GLUT4
aerobic exercise improves glucose transport in diabetes & stimulates GLUT4 translocation/expression in the muscle
redox signalling (ROS) and role in metabolism
- allows the breakdown of polymeric molecules to be translated to energy release
- tissue regeneration
- cellular signalling
oxidative stress & effect on exercise performance
