integration of metabolism: cellular signaling Flashcards
How are metabolic pathways connected?
They share some molecules and can work simultaneously.
A central process in metabolism that breaks down molecules for energy and builds important molecules for the body.
the Citric Acid Cycle
what are the 3 main points that citric acid cycle plays a central role in metabolism
- Plays a part in the catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
- Assists in the anabolism of sugars, lipids, and amino acids
- Has a relationship with individual metabolic pathways
macronutrients vs micronutrients
macronutrients:
needed in large amts
- carbs, fats and proteins
- Na, K, Cl, Mg, Phosphorus, Ca
* u usually get enough of these minerals (except calcium) from a regular diet
micronutrients:
needed in small amts
- vitamins (compounds that are necessary for metabolic processes)
- minerals (inorganic substances required as the ion or free element)
- scientists are still figuring out exactly how much we need of some of them.
- Chromium: Helps your body process sugar.
- Manganese: Important for building strong bones.
- Requirements are well established for iron, copper, zinc, iodide, and fluoride
required nutrients
High Fat, Low Protein Concern: Many people in the U.S. eat diets high in fat, but they might not get enough good-quality protein.
No Protein Storage: The body doesn’t store protein like it does fats or carbohydrates, so you need to eat enough protein every day.
Essential Amino Acids: Proteins are made from building blocks called amino acids. Some of these are “essential,” meaning the body can’t make them, so you must get them from food.
Constant Protein Breakdown: Your body is always breaking down proteins (like the ones in muscles or enzymes), so it needs a regular supply of protein from your diet to replace and repair these.
Needs are easily met by dietary sources, and overdoses can be toxic
copper and zinc
What happens if you don’t get enough iodide and how to prevent it?
The thyroid gland can become enlarged, causing a condition called goiter.
Hence, to prevent it, use iodized salt.
Administered to prevent tooth decay in children
fluoride
Part of the structure of the ubiquitous heme proteins
iron
- Women of childbearing age are more susceptible to deficiencies (especially during mestruation)
Graphic display that focuses on a diet sufficient in nutrients but without excesses
Food Guide Pyramid
- approach to publicizing healthful food selection
New Food Pyramid
- distinguishes btwn healthy and unhealthy types of fat and carbs
HDL vs LDL
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein):
Known as “good cholesterol” because it helps remove bad cholesterol from your body, keeping your heart healthy.
Think of it as a “clean-up crew” for your blood vessels.
LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein):
Known as “bad cholesterol” because it can build up in your arteries, leading to heart problems.
Think of it as “clogging up the pipes.”
what protein is the key role in regulating appetite and weight
leptin
- found in the ob gene of mice
*If there’s a mutation in the ob gene (responsible for leptin production), leptin might not work properly, leading to increased appetite and weight gain.
function of leptin
Helps burn fat by increasing fatty acid oxidation and helps muscles take up glucose for energy.
Reduces the production of an enzyme (stearoyl-CoA desaturase) that makes fats, so the body produces less fat.
Works on the brain (hypothalamus) to suppress appetite by turning off specific neurons.
Leptin and Enzyme Control
Leptin activates AMP-activated protein kinase in muscles.
This enzyme deactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is crucial for making fats.
By turning ACC off, leptin slows down fat production.
what are hormones
They are like messengers inside your body.
Made by glands (without ducts) in the endocrine system.
Travel through the bloodstream to specific parts of the body where they perform their job.
types of hormones
Steroids:
estrogens (important for reproduction)
androgens (like testosterone).
Polypeptides:
insulin (controls blood sugar)
endorphins (reduce pain and make you feel good).
Amino Acid Derivatives:
epinephrine and norepinephrine (help with the “fight or flight” response).
functions of hormones
- Maintaining homeostasis
Keeping the body in balance (e.g., temperature, sugar levels). - Mediating responses to external stimuli
Helping you react to changes around you (e.g., stress or danger). - Regulating growth and development
Ensuring proper physical growth and maturity.
