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2024 SEM 1 BIOCHEMISTRY (LEC) > biochemistry and the organizations of cell > Flashcards

biochemistry and the organizations of cell Flashcards

1
Q

organisms can be studied using the methods of?

A

chemistry and physics as all living things use energy and the same types of biomolecules

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2
Q

multidisciplinary in nature

A

biochemistry

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3
Q

it uses results from many sciences to answer questions about the molecular nature of life processes

A

biochemistry

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4
Q

study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives

A

organic chemistry

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5
Q

whose experiment is in 1828

A

Friedrich Wöhler’s
NH4OCN (ammonium cyanate, inorganic compound) -> H2NCONH2 (urea, organic compound)
it changed upon heating

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6
Q

what are the major groups of biochemicals

A

amino acid
carbohydrates
nucleotides (the basic building block of nucleic acids RNA and DNA)
lipids

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7
Q

what is the structure of amino acid

A
  • Carboxyl group (-COO-)
  • Central carbon bonded to a carboxyl group
  • Amino group (-NH3+)
  • Hydrogen
  • R group
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8
Q

carbohydrates is made up of what compounds

A

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen

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9
Q

what is the general formula of carbohydrates and its simplest form

A

(CH2O)n, where ‘n’ is at least 3
simplest - monosaccharides or sugars

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10
Q

it is the basic unit of the hereditary materials DNA and RNA

A

nucleotides

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11
Q

it forms the molecular currency of the cell, adenosine triphosphate ATP

A

nucleotides

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12
Q

nucleotides is made up of what compounds

A

five-carbon sugar
nitrogen containing ring
one or more phosphate groups

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13
Q

poorly soluble in water because they are composed of long chains of hydrocarbons (example)

A

lipids (palmitic acid)

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14
Q

it is an atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties

A

functional group
it contains a heteroatom (any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen), a multiple bond or both

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15
Q

briefly explain the compounds that contain only carbon an hydrogen

A

hydrocarbons

alkanes:
have only C–C single bonds and no functional group.

alkenes:
have only C–C double bonds as their functional group.

alkynes:
have only C–C triple bonds as their functional group.

aromatic
contains a benzene ring, a six-membered ring with three double bonds.

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16
Q

what are the type of compounds that contain a single bond to a heteroatom

A

AARON HAD ALCOHOL EVERY AFTERNOON as TEA

[type of compound > functional group > general structure]
*all the general structure is just bonded to R

alkyl halide > -X, halo grp > (the X is either F, Cl, Br, I)
alcohol > -OH, hydroxyl grp >
ether > -OR, alkoxy grp >
amine > -NH2, amino grp >
thiol > -SH, sulfhydryl grp >

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17
Q

carbonyl group

A

carbon–oxygen double bonds

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18
Q

what are the type of compounds that contain a carbonyl group

A

[AARON KINKY, CLAIRE EDGY ALWAYS]

aldehyde
ketone
carboxylic acid
ester
amide

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19
Q

it is the energy currency of the cell

A

adenosine triphosphate

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20
Q

what was the temperature of the Primordial fireball when it started to expand with great force as a result of an explosion

A

approximately 15 × 10^9 K

Average temperature of the Universe has been decreasing ever since the explosion

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21
Q

what elements where the only elements present in the earliest stages of the universe

A

H
He
Li

*other elements were formed by thermonuclear reactions in stars, in explosions of stars, and by the action of cosmic rays outside the stars

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22
Q

what are the 2 chemical foundation of biochemistry

A

ester formation:
phosphoric acid + alcohol —- (lose water)—> an ester of phosphoric acid

anhydride formation:
phosphoric acid + phosphoric acid—- (lose water)—> an anhydride of phosphoric acid

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23
Q

what is the structure of ATP

A

look at notes

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24
Q

what gases were present in the atmosphere of the early earth

A

NH3
H2S
CO
CO2
CH4
N2
H2
H2O

25
Q

which biomolecules could have arisen under abiotic (non living) condition

A

proteins
nucleic acid

26
Q

small molecules that may bond to many others to form a polymer

A

monomers

27
Q

greek:
monomers
polymers

A

mono + meros —-> single + part
poly + meros —> many + parts

28
Q

amino acids —->
nucleotides —->
monosaccharides —->
glycerol and fatty acids —->

A

amino acids —-> proteins
nucleotides —-> nucleic acid
monosaccharides —-> polysaccharides
glycerol and fatty acids —-> lipids

29
Q

macromolecules formed by bonding of smaller units

A

polymers

30
Q

macromolecules formed by the polymerization of amino acids

A

proteins

31
Q

class of proteins that display catalytic activity

A

enzyme

32
Q

macromolecules formed by the polymerization of nucleotides

A

nucleic acid

33
Q

ability to increase the rate of a chemical reaction

A

catalytic activity
* catalytical effectiveness of a given enzyme depends on its amino acid sequence

34
Q

relationship between the nucleotides sequence in nucleic acids and the amino acid sequence in proteins

A

genetic code

35
Q

it serves as the coding material

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)

36
Q

has the capability to catalyze its own processing

A

RNA ribonucleic acid

37
Q

it considered to have been the original coding material and still serves this function in some viruses

A

ribonucleic acid

38
Q

briefly explain the role of templates in synthesis of polynucleotides

A
39
Q

appearance of a form of RNA capable of coding for its own replication was the pivotal point in the origin of life

A

RNA world theory

40
Q

briefly explain the difference between DNA and RNA

A
41
Q

development of catalysis and the development of a coding system came about separately

A

double-origin theory
- combination of the two later in time produced life

42
Q

briefly explain the vital importance of a cell membrane in the origin of life

A
43
Q

briefly explain the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
44
Q

membrane-enclosed portion of a cell with a specific function

A

organelle

45
Q

which organelle is fount in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes

A
46
Q

briefly compare the typical animal cell, typical plant cell and a prokaryotic cell

A
47
Q

briefly summarise all organelles and their functions

A
48
Q

what are the five-kingdom system

A

monera - prokaryotes
protista - unicellular eukaryotes

multicellular eukaryotes:
fungi
plantae
animalia

*as it goes down, increase complexity
*as it goes up, decrease evolutionary age

49
Q

relationship that benefits both species involved (example)

A

mutualism (fungus and alga in lichen)

50
Q

one species gains at the other’s expense (example)

A

parasitic symbiosis (ticks and dogs)

51
Q

larger host cell contains a genetically determined number of smaller organisms

A

hereditary symbiosis

52
Q

eukaryotic host that contains a genetically determined number of cyanobacteria

A

Cyanophora paradoxa

53
Q

one benefits, other is unaffected (example)

A

commensalism (cattle egret and cattle)

54
Q

Study of transformations and transfer of energy

A

Thermodynamics

55
Q

Characteristic of a reaction or process that takes place without outside intervention

A

Spontaneous

56
Q

briefly explain the energetics of a chemical reaction

A
57
Q

briefly explain the sign of the change in free energy, delta G, indicate the direction of the reaction

A
58
Q

what is the most common monosaccharide

A

glucose

2024 SEM 1 BIOCHEMISTRY (LEC) (19 decks)

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