biochemistry and the organizations of cell Flashcards
organisms can be studied using the methods of?
chemistry and physics as all living things use energy and the same types of biomolecules
multidisciplinary in nature
biochemistry
it uses results from many sciences to answer questions about the molecular nature of life processes
biochemistry
study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives
organic chemistry
whose experiment is in 1828
Friedrich Wöhler’s
NH4OCN (ammonium cyanate, inorganic compound) -> H2NCONH2 (urea, organic compound)
it changed upon heating
what are the major groups of biochemicals
amino acid
carbohydrates
nucleotides (the basic building block of nucleic acids RNA and DNA)
lipids
what is the structure of amino acid
- Carboxyl group (-COO-)
- Central carbon bonded to a carboxyl group
- Amino group (-NH3+)
- Hydrogen
- R group
carbohydrates is made up of what compounds
carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
what is the general formula of carbohydrates and its simplest form
(CH2O)n, where ‘n’ is at least 3
simplest - monosaccharides or sugars
it is the basic unit of the hereditary materials DNA and RNA
nucleotides
it forms the molecular currency of the cell, adenosine triphosphate ATP
nucleotides
nucleotides is made up of what compounds
five-carbon sugar
nitrogen containing ring
one or more phosphate groups
poorly soluble in water because they are composed of long chains of hydrocarbons (example)
lipids (palmitic acid)
it is an atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties
functional group
it contains a heteroatom (any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen), a multiple bond or both
briefly explain the compounds that contain only carbon an hydrogen
hydrocarbons
alkanes:
have only C–C single bonds and no functional group.
alkenes:
have only C–C double bonds as their functional group.
alkynes:
have only C–C triple bonds as their functional group.
aromatic
contains a benzene ring, a six-membered ring with three double bonds.
what are the type of compounds that contain a single bond to a heteroatom
AARON HAD ALCOHOL EVERY AFTERNOON as TEA
[type of compound > functional group > general structure]
*all the general structure is just bonded to R
alkyl halide > -X, halo grp > (the X is either F, Cl, Br, I)
alcohol > -OH, hydroxyl grp >
ether > -OR, alkoxy grp >
amine > -NH2, amino grp >
thiol > -SH, sulfhydryl grp >
carbonyl group
carbon–oxygen double bonds
what are the type of compounds that contain a carbonyl group
[AARON KINKY, CLAIRE EDGY ALWAYS]
aldehyde
ketone
carboxylic acid
ester
amide
it is the energy currency of the cell
adenosine triphosphate
what was the temperature of the Primordial fireball when it started to expand with great force as a result of an explosion
approximately 15 × 10^9 K
Average temperature of the Universe has been decreasing ever since the explosion
what elements where the only elements present in the earliest stages of the universe
H
He
Li
*other elements were formed by thermonuclear reactions in stars, in explosions of stars, and by the action of cosmic rays outside the stars
what are the 2 chemical foundation of biochemistry
ester formation:
phosphoric acid + alcohol —- (lose water)—> an ester of phosphoric acid
anhydride formation:
phosphoric acid + phosphoric acid—- (lose water)—> an anhydride of phosphoric acid
what is the structure of ATP
look at notes
what gases were present in the atmosphere of the early earth
NH3
H2S
CO
CO2
CH4
N2
H2
H2O
which biomolecules could have arisen under abiotic (non living) condition
proteins
nucleic acid
small molecules that may bond to many others to form a polymer
monomers
greek:
monomers
polymers
mono + meros —-> single + part
poly + meros —> many + parts
amino acids —->
nucleotides —->
monosaccharides —->
glycerol and fatty acids —->
amino acids —-> proteins
nucleotides —-> nucleic acid
monosaccharides —-> polysaccharides
glycerol and fatty acids —-> lipids
macromolecules formed by bonding of smaller units
polymers
macromolecules formed by the polymerization of amino acids
proteins
class of proteins that display catalytic activity
enzyme
macromolecules formed by the polymerization of nucleotides
nucleic acid
ability to increase the rate of a chemical reaction
catalytic activity
* catalytical effectiveness of a given enzyme depends on its amino acid sequence
relationship between the nucleotides sequence in nucleic acids and the amino acid sequence in proteins
genetic code
it serves as the coding material
deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)
has the capability to catalyze its own processing
RNA ribonucleic acid
it considered to have been the original coding material and still serves this function in some viruses
ribonucleic acid
briefly explain the role of templates in synthesis of polynucleotides
appearance of a form of RNA capable of coding for its own replication was the pivotal point in the origin of life
RNA world theory
briefly explain the difference between DNA and RNA
development of catalysis and the development of a coding system came about separately
double-origin theory
- combination of the two later in time produced life
briefly explain the vital importance of a cell membrane in the origin of life
briefly explain the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
membrane-enclosed portion of a cell with a specific function
organelle
which organelle is fount in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes
briefly compare the typical animal cell, typical plant cell and a prokaryotic cell
briefly summarise all organelles and their functions
what are the five-kingdom system
monera - prokaryotes
protista - unicellular eukaryotes
multicellular eukaryotes:
fungi
plantae
animalia
*as it goes down, increase complexity
*as it goes up, decrease evolutionary age
relationship that benefits both species involved (example)
mutualism (fungus and alga in lichen)
one species gains at the other’s expense (example)
parasitic symbiosis (ticks and dogs)
larger host cell contains a genetically determined number of smaller organisms
hereditary symbiosis
eukaryotic host that contains a genetically determined number of cyanobacteria
Cyanophora paradoxa
one benefits, other is unaffected (example)
commensalism (cattle egret and cattle)
Study of transformations and transfer of energy
Thermodynamics
Characteristic of a reaction or process that takes place without outside intervention
Spontaneous
briefly explain the energetics of a chemical reaction
briefly explain the sign of the change in free energy, delta G, indicate the direction of the reaction
what is the most common monosaccharide
glucose
