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SAM I > INT MED II > Flashcards

INT MED II Flashcards

1
Q

Methods of cardiac examination

A
  • Xray!
  • ECG!
  • Echocardiography!
  • Blood pressure measurement!
  • Blood test!(ANP, BNP, troponin, endothelin)
  • Phonocardiography!
  • Nonselective angiocardiography!
  • Cardiac catheterization!
  • Radionuclide imaging!
  • Serology!
  • CT,
  • MRI!
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2
Q

Indications of the ECG

A
  • Arrhythmia!
  • Cardiac!enlargement!
  • Anesthesia!/surgery!
  • Prescription and evaluation of therapy
  • Systemic diseases!
  • Myocardial damage!
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3
Q

What is FRIDA?

A
  • Frequency (heart rate) = pulse rate
  • Rhythm!
  • Intensity (strength)
  • Demarcation (distinctness)
  • Adventitious sounds (mumurs)
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4
Q

Description of the thorax

A
  • Symmetry
  • Shape
  • Pain!
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5
Q

Grades of murmurs

A
  1. Very soft
  2. Soft
  3. Moderate intensity
  4. Loud
  5. Very loud
  6. Loudest
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6
Q

Which animal has relative/absolute dullness

A

Absolute: horse, dog

Relative: Cattle, small Ru, Su, Cat

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7
Q

Which species has respiratory arrhythmia

A

?

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8
Q

When does the heart rate increase? Which nerve is responsible?

A

Vagus, during inspiration!

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9
Q

Inspection of the cardiac region

A

Abnormalities of the thorax (injury, malformation)

Heart beat

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10
Q

What can decrease the heart rate?

A

Cardiac insufficiency

Pericardial fluid
Peripleural fluid
Thickened chest wall

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11
Q

What can increase the heart rate

A

Exercise

Cardiac hypertrophy!

Dislocation!

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12
Q

Reasons for enlargements of cardiac dullness

A
  1. Dilation, hypertrophy!
  2. Dislocation!
  3. Pericardial effusion!
  4. False enlargement (neighboring organs, friction on auscultation)!
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13
Q

Reasons for decreasing dullness

A
  1. Lung emphysema!
  2. Skin emphysema!
  3. Pneumothorax!
  4. Cardiac dislocation!
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14
Q

What are the 4 always of murmurs?

A
  1. Pitch!
  2. Intensity!
  3. Relation to cardiac cycle!
  4. Location!
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15
Q

Causes of endocardial murmurs!

A

Morphological: valve deformities, septal or vessel deformation

Functional: anemia, innocent!

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16
Q

Indications of blood pressure measurements

A
  1. Reveal secondary hypertension in case of known predisposition factors!
  2. Find the cause of ocular, cardiac or CNS alterations!
  3. When using ACE inhibitors or hypotensive drugs
  4. Cases of severe diseases, shock!
  5. Anesthesia monitoring
  6. Thrombosis!
  7. Reveal essential hypertension!
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17
Q

Indications of echocardio

A
  1. Examination of cardiac chambers!
  2. Recognition of valvular disorders!
  3. Detection of shunts!
  4. Quantitative examination (valvular shortening)
  5. Defects of blood flow disorders!
  6. Detection of pericardial fluid!
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18
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19
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20
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22
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23
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24
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25
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26
Q

Bronchial like sound

A
27
Q

Moist (wet) Rhonchi

A
28
Q

Crackling sound

A
29
Q

Dry Rhonchi sound

A
30
Q

Splashing sound

A
31
Q

Metallic sound

A
32
Q

Reason: Sound weaker than normal

A
33
Q

Sound: Missing

A
34
Q

Sound louder than normal

A
35
Q

What is Venturi effect?

A
36
Q
A
37
Q

5 parameters to describe cough

A
  1. Origin
  2. Frequency
  3. Strength
  4. Tone
  5. Occurrence
  6. Duration
  7. Secretion content
  8. Painful or painless
  9. Deepness
  10. Localization of origin
  11. The quality of sputum
38
Q

4 Things that differ intracardiac murmur from extra

A

Endo/intracardial Murmurs

  • Caused by turbulence
  • Within the heart
  • Morphological or functional origin
  • Most common

Extracardial Murmurs:

  • Outside the heart
  • Variable
  • Can be caused by pleuritis
  • Location, Intensity can be heard during different phases of the cardiac cycle
  • Can be caused by effusions
39
Q

Causes of Endo/Intracardial murmurs

A

MORPHOLOGICAL

  • Valve deformities
  • Septal or vessel malformations

FUCTIONAL

  • Innocent murmurs
  • Anemia: Decreased blood viscousity
40
Q

Cause of extra cardial murmurs

A

DUE TO INFLAMATION

41
Q

Adventious sounds from upper respiratory tract

A
  1. Moist (wet) Rhonchi = Non musical Rhonchi
  2. Crepitation
  3. Crackling sound
  4. Rattling sound
  5. Dry Rhonchi = Musical Rhonchi
  6. Whistling
  7. Wheezing
42
Q
A
43
Q

Classification of endo/intracardial murmurs

A

Localization

Intensity

+ 4 constant characteristics

  1. Timing (systole/diastole)
  2. Pitch (low,med.high) - blowing, whistling, crackling, rough, musical murmurs
  3. Quality, Shape - Continious, Crescendo, Decrescendo, crescendo-decrescendo (DIAMOND)
  4. Conduction: yes/no (Systole+pulse+murmur=Systolic murmur)
44
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A
45
Q

Signs of cardiac disease for owners

A
  1. Cyanosis
  2. Distended abdomen
  3. Dyspnoea
  4. Fainting
  5. Exercise intoreance
46
Q

Signs of Right sided heart failure, Signs of left-sided heart failure

A

LEFT= Congestion and Pulmonary oedema

RIGHT= Congestions in periphery, Ascites

47
Q

Abnormal sounds you hear during thorax auscultation

A
  1. Cracling
  2. Crepitation
  3. Weezing
  4. Metalic sound
  5. Splashing
48
Q

Characterise a grade 6 murmur

A
  • Palpable fremitus
  • Very loud
  • Can be heard even with stethoscope away from thorax

SAM I (5 decks)

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