Insulin (Pharm)

Question 1

list 2 islet pancreatic hormone

Answer 1

1. B cells: insulin, islet amyloid polypeptide
2. A cells: glucagon

Question 2

how does glucose cause the release of insulin

Answer 2

glucose enter B cells via GLUT4, activating glucokinase, which initiate glycolysis & increase ATP

this block the kATP channel, resulting in membrane depolarisation & opening of voltage dependent Ca2+ channel

influx of Ca2+ induce insulin secretion

Question 3

what is the effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism in liver

Answer 3

insulin in liver inhibit
- glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenesis
also stimulate glycogen synthesis & utilisation of glucose via glycolysis

Question 4

what is the effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism in adipose tissue

Answer 4

increase triacylglycerol storage
inhibit FFA production, resulting in reduce ketone production in the liver

Question 5

what is the effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism in muscle

Answer 5

glucose uptake in muscle is slow & is the rate limiting step in carbs. metabolism

insulin help to facilitate the transport of glucose via GLUT4, stimulating glycolysis & glycogen synthesis

Question 6

what are some other effects of insulin (5)

Answer 6

1. stimulate uptake of amino acid into muscle
2. increase protein synthesis
3. decrease protein catabolism
4. inhibit the oxidation of amino acid in liver
5. transport into cells of k+, ca2+, nucleosides & inorganic phosphate

Question 7

list 2 example of a rapid/ultra-short acting insulin

Answer 7

insulin lispro
insulin aspart

Question 8

list 1 example of a short acting insulin

Answer 8

insulin regular

Question 9

list 1 example of an intermediate acting insulin

Answer 9

insuline NPH (neutral protamine hagedorn)

Question 10

list 1 example of a long acting insulin

Answer 10

insulin glargine

Question 11

insulin are given parentally, what is the reason why it cannot be administered orally

Answer 11

insulin is in peptide preparation, it can be degraded by the digestive enzyme if taken orally

Question 12

list 5 indication of insulin

Answer 12

1. T1DM
2. T2DM
3. DKA
4. gestational DM
5. hyperkalaemia

Question 13

list 4 a/e of insulin

Answer 13

1. hypoglycaemia
2. rebound hyperglycaemia
3. allergy due to anti-insulin IgE antibodies
4. insulin resistance