Instruments Q & A - Hangar Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Outer Area of Class C Airspace?
A
The Outer “Area” is NOT part of Class C airspace.
The Outer Area has a radius of 20 NM from the airport. It starts at the lower limit of radio/radar coverage and goes up to the upper limit of approach control’s delegated airspace. You should contact ATC prior to entry.
2
Q
What are the lateral dimensions of Class D Airspace?
A
Class D airspace lateral dimensions are individually tailored. Some Airports may have extensions protruding from the circle.
3
Q
What are the vertical dimensions of Class D Airspace?
A
Class D airspace extends from the surface up to 2500’ AGL.
4
Q
What are the minimum cloud and visibility requirements to operate in Class D Airspace?
A
Class D wx Minimums are:
Distance from the clouds: 500 ft below, 1000 ft above, 2000 ft horizontal
Min visibility: 3 SM.
5
Q
What are the Class D airspace communication requirements?
A
Prior to entering Class D airspace, you must establish commo with ATC PRIOR to entry. If ATC says “Army Copter 12345, Standby… “, then commo HAS been established. But, if ATC does NOT use your call sign, then no entry.
6
Q
What is the Class D airspace transponder requirement?
A
Class D Airspace has NO Transponder requirements.
7
Q
What are the extensions protruding from Class D airspace?
A
Extensions are used for instrument approaches. If the extension is 2 NM or less, it is Class D airspace.
(If any one extension is greater than 2 NM, then ALL extensions are Class E airspace)
7
Q
How is Class D airspace charted on a VFR sectional map?
A
Class D is charted on a VFR Sectional by a blue dash circle.
7
Q
What is the definition of Class E airspace?
A
Class E airspace is all controlled airspace that is NOT classified as Class A, B, C, or D airspace.
7
Q
What are the minimum cloud and vis requirements in Class E Airspace?
A
If below 10,000 ft MSL:
Distance from clouds: 500 ft below, 1000 ft above, 2000 ft horizontal
Minimum Visibility: 3 SM
If 10,000 ft MSL or above:
Distance from clouds: 1000 ft below, 1000 ft above, 1 SM horizontal. Minimum Visibility: 5 SM
7
Q
What are Class E transition areas and what altitudes do they start?
A
Class E airspace that is used to transition to/from the terminal or en-route environment is called a Transition area. Transition areas start at either 700 ft AGL. A Fading blue color on a VFR sectional denotes a transition are starting at 1200 ft AGL. HOWEVER, the blue color is not shown unless it abuts uncontrolled Class G Airspace.
7
Q
What are the communication requirements to operate within Class E airspace?
A
There are no communication requirements to operate within Class E airspace, no radio is required, but highly recommended for CTAF calls.
7
Q
What is the Class E Airspace transponder requirement?
A
Class E airspace has NO transponder requirement.
7
Q
If there is no Class E airspace designated otherwise, where does the Class E airspace start?
A
Unless designated at a lower altitude, Class E airspace begins at 14,500 ft MSL up to (but not including) 18,000 MSL only over the 48 contiguous States and Alaska.
7
Q
What are Class E transition areas and what altitudes do they start?
A
Class E airspace that is used to transition to/from the terminal or en-route environment is called a Transition area. Transition areas start at either 700 ft AGL. A Fading blue color on a VFR sectional denotes a transition are starting at 1200 ft AGL. HOWEVER, the blue color is not shown unless it abuts uncontrolled Class G Airspace
7
Q
What is the definition of Class E airspace?
A
Class E airspace is all controlled airspace that is NOT classified as Class A, B, C, or D airspace.
8
Q
What are the minimum cloud and vis requirements in Class E Airspace?
A
If below 10,000 ft MSL:
Distance from clouds: 500 ft below, 1000 ft above, 2000 ft horizontal
Minimum Visibility: 3 SM
If 10,000 ft MSL or above:
Distance from clouds: 1000 ft below, 1000 ft above, 1 SM horizontal.
Minimum Visibility: 5 SM
9
Q
How will Class E Airspace at Non-towered airports be charted on VFR Sectionals?
A
Non-Towered Class E Airports on a VFR sectional are charted by a magenta dashed line circle. Extensions are charged with magenta dashed lines.
10
Q
What are the communication requirements to operate within Class E airspace?
A
There are no communication requirements to operate within Class E airspace, no radio is required, but highly recommended for CTAF calls.
11
Q
IAW AR 95-1, what icing conditions may you fly into?
A
You cannot fly into severe icing conditions. You may fly in moderate icing conditions if the aircraft is equipped with adequate deicing or anti-icing equipment.
12
Q
If there is no Class E airspace designated otherwise, where does the Class E airspace start?
A
Unless designated at a lower altitude, Class E airspace begins at 14,500 ft MSL up to (but not including) 18,000 MSL only over the 48 contiguous States and Alaska.
13
Q
What are Class E transition areas and what altitudes do they start?
A
Class E airspace that is used to transition to/from the terminal or en-route environment is called a Transition area. Transition areas start at either 700 ft AGL. A Fading blue color on a VFR sectional denotes a transition are starting at 1200 ft AGL. HOWEVER, the blue color is not shown unless it abuts uncontrolled Class G Airspace
14
Q
What type of airspace are federal airways? What are the vertical limits of federal airways?
A
Federal Airways are Class E airspace. They start at 1200 ft AGL up to but not including 18,000 ft MSL.
15
Q
What type airspace is Class G?
A
Class G Airspace is uncontrolled airspace.
16
If you have a choice between operating on a VFR or IFR flight plan, which do you do?
If your aircraft is instrumented for IFR flight, you **_MUST_** operate on an IFR flight plan - unless:
- The flight is for **VFR training**.
- There is **not enough time** to operate under an IFR flight plan.
- The mission can **only be accomplished under VFR**.
- **Excessive ATC delays** are encountered.
- **Hazardous weather** must be avoided.
- Your **copilot is not instrument rated** in your type category.
17
If planning an IFR flight through Class G airspace, what are the altitude considerations?
When planning an IFR flight through uncontrolled (Class G) airspace, the pilot must remain at least 1000 ft AHO in flat terrain and 2000 ft AHO in designated mountainous terrain (see AIM para 5-6-5 for designated mountainous areas) within 4 NM from the course to be flown.
In addition, you must meet the "semi-circular rule": With a magnetic course (ground track of 0-179 degrees, you must file for an odd thousands (3000, 5000 MSL). With a magnetic course of 180-359 degrees, you must file for even thousands (4000, 6000 MSL).
18
When filing IFR to a destination airfield, what must the destination weather be?
(5) Instrument flight rules (IFR) flight. *Destination weather must be forecast to be equal to or greater than the published weather planning minimum for the approach procedure to be flown at ETA through 1 hour after ETA.*
When there are intermittent weather conditions, predominant weather will apply. If inoperative components for an approach exist, adjust the weather planning minimums as indicated by the DOD/US Government FLIP. *Aviators flying helicopters may reduce destination and alternate Category A visibility minimums by 50 percent, but not less than 1/4 mile or metric equivalent.* Reduction of visibility for approaches labeled "COPTER ONLY" is not authorized and this reduction is applied after all other corrections. Category II approach procedures may not be used in destination or alternate weather planning.
19
What is a restricted area?
A Restricted area is airspace on the surface in which the flight of aircraft is subject to restrictions.
*Examples include missile firings and aerial gunnery.*
20
When is an alternate required if you are filing IFR to a destination airfield?
e. Alternate airfield planning. An alternate airfield is required when filing IFR to a destination under any of the following conditions:
(1) **_Radar_** is required to execute the approach procedure to be flown.
(2) The instrument approach navigational aids to be used are **_unmonitored_**.
(3) The **_predominant weather_** at the destination is forecast at ETA through 1 hour after ETA to be less than—
(a) Ceiling **400 feet above** the weather planning minimum required for the approach to be flown.
(b) Visibility **1 mile (or metric equivalent) greater** than the planning minimum required for the approach to be flown.
(4) An **alternate is not required if** descent from en route minimum altitude for IFR operation, approach, and **landing can be made in VFR conditions.**
21
During IFR planning, what criteria must the alternate airfield meet?
f. Alternate airfield selection.
(1) An airfield may be selected as an **_alternate_** when the **_worst weather_** condition for that airfield is forecast for ETA through 1 hour after ETA to be equal to or greater than—
(a) Ceiling **400 feet above** the weather planning minimum required for the approach to be flown and visibility **1 mile (or metric equivalent) greater** than the weather planning minimum required for the approach to be flown; **or**
(b) VFR minimums and descent from en route minimum altitude for IFR operation, approach, and **landing can be made in VFR conditions.**
(2) An airfield **will not** be selected as an alternate except per f(1)(b) above—
(a) If the approach procedure to be used at the alternate is shown **not authorized (NA)** in FLIP.
(b) If **radar is required** for the approach procedure to be used at the alternate.
(c) If the instrument approach navigational aids to be used is **unmonitored**.
(d) If a **Class B, C, D, or E surface area** airspace **does not exist** or is not in effect at the airport to be used.
(e) If the global positioning system **(GPS) is required** for the approach.
22
What is an MOA?
An MOA is a Military Operations Area. Its purpose is to separate certain military training activities such as aerobatics, or high speed maneuvering aircraft, from IFR traffic.
23
IFR or VFR, can you fly through an MOA?
On an _IFR flight_, ATC will clear you through an MOA _if radar separation can be provided_. If not, ATC will re-route you around the MOA. On a _VFR flight_, entry is allowed with _no clearances necessary_, however, pilots should be alert.
24
What are the IFR takeoff minimums if the aviator flying the aircraft on takeoff has less than 50 hours of actual weather time?
If the aviator flying the aircraft on takeoff has less than 50 hours of actual weather time, then the IFR takeoff minimums are:
HELICOPTERS: 100 ft ceiling/ 1/4 vis or RVR of 1200 ft.
*FIXED WING: 200 ft ceiling 1/2 vis or RVR of 2400 ft.*
25
What is a Warning Area?
A Warning Area is airspace 3 NM outward from the coast of the U.S. that may be hazardous to non-participating aircraft. Since the hazard is in International airspace, no mandatory procedures can be dictated. However, pilots are strongly urged not to enter unless proper clearance can be obtained.
26
If the approach plate says "Dual VORs Required" and you only have 1 VOR, can you execute the approach?
Yes, Dual VOR equipment requirements specified on approach charts do not apply to Army aircraft. Use Dual VOR approach minimums.
27
What are the helicopter fuel requirements - VFR and IFR?
Helicopter fuel reserve requirements are:
VFR - 20 min at cruise
IFR - 30 min at cruise
28
What are the fixed wing fuel requirements - VFR and IFR?
Fixed wing fuel requirements are:
VFR (day) - 30 min at cruise
VFR (night) - 45 min at cruise
IFR - 45 min at cruise
29
IAW AR 95-1, what icing conditions may you fly into?
You cannot fly into severe icing conditions. You may fly in moderate icing conditions if the aircraft is equipped with adequate deicing or anti-icing equipment.
30
A radio call must be made when you cannot maintain a climb or descent at ______ feet per minute.
## Footnote
**500 feet per minute.**
31
If you observe weather that was not forecasted, must you make a report?
Yes, upon encountering weather conditions that were not forecast, a radio call is required to ATC.
32
You must make a call when you make a missed approach. What else must be included with this radio call?
After a missed approach, your call must include requesting a **specific action (i.e. clearance to alternate)**. In addition, you must report any **bad weather that caused** you to execute the missed approach.
33
How long is a weather forecast valid?
A weather briefing is void after 1 hour and 30 minutes from the time the forecast is received until you take off.
34
If your VOR becomes inoperative, is a radio call required?
Any loss of your VOR, ADF, TACAN, ILS or comma radios requires a call to ATC:
- ID
- Equipment Loss
- How it affects your flight
- Assistance required
Example: "Cairns approach, Army 12345, VOR inoperative, Unable to execute VOR approach, Request PAR."
35
Should you make a radio call when you enter holding?
Yes, except when talking to a military radar controller during a training flight, you must call entering holding:
- ID
- Position
- Time
- Altitude
Example: "Montgomery Approach, Army Copter 12345, Entering holding at Petry at 1245, 4000."
36
Should you make a radio call when departing holding?
Yes, except when talking to a military radar controller, you must call departing holding:
- ID
- Fix departing
Example: "Montgomery Approach, Army Copter 12345, Departing Petry."
37
If the weather at the airfield that you are filing to is not known and if there is not weather reporting service at the airfield, then what weather forecast can you use?
If there is no weather reporting service, the aviator may use the area forecast.
38
When is an alternate required if you are filing IFR to a destination airfield?
e. Alternate airfield planning. An alternate airfield is required when filing IFR to a destination under any of the following conditions:
(1) Radar is required to execute the approach procedure to be flown.
(2) The instrument approach navigational aids to be used are unmonitored.
(3) The predominant weather at the destination is forecast at ETA through 1 hour after ETA to be less than—
(a) Ceiling 400 feet above the weather planning minimum required for the approach to be flown.
(b) Visibility 1 mile (or metric equivalent) greater than the planning minimum required for the approach to be flown.
(4) An alternate is not required if descent from en route minimum altitude for IFR operation, approach, and landing can be made in VFR conditions.
39
During IFR planning, what criteria must the alternate airfield meet?
f. Alternate airfield selection.
(1) An airfield may be selected as an alternate when the worst weather condition for that airfield is forecast for ETA through 1 hour after ETA to be equal to or greater than—
(a) Ceiling 400 feet above the weather planning minimum required for the approach to be flown and visibility 1 mile (or metric equivalent) greater than the weather planning minimum required for the approach to be flown; or
(b) VFR minimums and descent from en route minimum altitude for IFR operation, approach, and landing can be made in VFR conditions.
(2) An airfield will not be selected as an alternate except per f(1)(b) above—
(a) If the approach procedure to be used at the alternate is shown not authorized (NA) in FLIP.
(b) If radar is required for the approach procedure to be used at the alternate.
(c) If the instrument approach navigational aids to be used is unmonitored.
(d) If a Class B, C, D, or E surface area airspace does not exist or is not in effect at the airport to be used.
(e) If the global positioning system (GPS) is required for the approach.
40
For IMC flight, does the Attitude Indicator have to work on both the pilot's and copilot's side?
For HELICOPTERS: -- Yes, Table 5-2 (Required Equipment) in AR 95-1 requires 6 primary flight instruments to be operational at the pilot's and copilot's station for IMC flight.
*For FIXED WING: -- No, only the pilot's primary flight instruments must be operational for IMC flight.*
41
Is it legal to use GPS for instrument approaches for IFR flight?
GPS can only be used for IFR approaches if the aircraft and GPS system has been certified per air worthiness release.
In addition, the GPS must have a current non-corruptible database.
42
During lost commo, if you reach your clearance limit is where your approach begins, do you hold or execute the approach?
During lost commo, if you reach your clearance limit from which your approach begins, commence approach:
- at your EFC time, if received.
- if no EFC time was issued, then commence approach according to your flight plan (as amended).
43
If, upon arrival at your destination, the weather is below approach weather minimums, can you do the approach anyway?
Yes, upon arrival at your destination, an approach may be initiated, regardless of ceiling and visibility.
44
If the approach plate says "Dual VORs Required" and you only have 1 VOR, can you execute the approach?
Yes, Dual VOR equipment requirements specified on approach charts do not apply to Army aircraft. Use Dual VOR approach minimums.
45
If you have lost commo during a GCA approach, what are your procedures?
Lost commo procedures for a GCA approach are:
- Attempt contact on another frequency.
- Squawk 7600.
- If cannot proceed VMC, execute an instrument approach of your choosing.
- Maintain higher of last assigned altitude or Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA) until established on segment of approach.
46
How will a pilot know when to discontinue IFR position reports when in a radar environment?
When informed by ATC that you are in "RADAR CONTACT", discontinue position reports over mandatory reporting points.
47
How will a pilot know when to resume IFR position reports if ATC loses its radar capability?
When informed by ATC
- "RADAR CONTACT LOST" OR "RADAR SERVICE TERMINATED', resume normal position reporting.
48
A radio call must be made when you cannot maintain a climb or descent at ______ feet per minute.
500 feet per minute.
49
How do you determine the abeam point while holding over a NAVAID?
While holding over a NAVAID, the abeam point is determined:
**_- VOR:_** By the first change of the TO-FROM flag or, By observing the 90 degree radial from the VOR.
**_- NDB:_** By observing the 90 degree bearing to the NDB.
50
You must make a call when you make a missed approach. When else must be included with this radio call?
After a missed approach, your call must include requesting a specific action (i.e. clearance to alternate).
In addition, you must report any bad weather that caused you to execute the missed approach.
51
A radio call is required when your true airspeed changes by \_\_\_\_% of TAS or ____ knots (whichever is greater) from that filed in the flight plan.
5% of TAS or 10 knots
If your airspeed changes more than 10 knots or 5% of TAS (whichever is greater) than that filed in your flight plan, then a radio call is required.
52
If your VOR becomes inoperative, is a radio call required?
Any loss of your VOR, ADF, TACAN, ILS or comma radios requires a call to ATC:
- ID
- Equipment Loss
- How it affects your flight
- Assistance required
53
Should you make a radio call when you enter holding?
Yes, except when talking to a military radar controller during a training flight, you must call entering holding:
- ID
- Position
- Time
- Altitude
Example: "Montgomery Approach, Army Copter 12345, Entering holding at Petry at 1245, 4000."
54
Should you make a radio call when departing holding?
Yes, except when talking to a military radar controller, you must call departing holding:
- ID
- Fix departing
Example: "Montgomery Approach, Army Copter 12345, Departing Petry."
55
Should you make a radio call FAF inbound?
Yes, report FAF inbound, but only when NOT in RADAR CONTACT.
56
During non-radar, you correct an estimate anytime the estimate is in error in excess of _____ minutes.
3 minutes.
57
What is the transponder code for lost commo?
The transponder code for lost commo is 7600.
58
During lost commo, what Route should you follow?
During lost commo, use the Route in the order below:
- Route last assigned.
- Route ATC told you can be expected.
- Route filed in your flight plan.
Note: If being radar vectored, proceed direct to fix being radar vectored to.
59
During lost commo, what Altitude should you fly?
During lost commo, flight the highest altitude below:
- Altitude last assigned.
- Altitude ATC told you can be expected.
- Minimum altitude for IFR operations (i.e. MEA, feeder route).
60
While using an instrument Departure Procedure (DP), if not published or directed by ATC....
at what altitude can you start your turn after take-off?
When using a DP, you may start turning at 400 ft above the airport elevation (unless published differently or ATC instructs otherwise).
61
During lost commo, if you reach your clearance limit, and the limit is not where your approach begins, do you hold or continue?
During lost commo, if you reach your clearance limit, and the limit is not where your approach begins, do the following:
- **If you have a EFC time:** Hold and leave the clearance limit at the EFC time.
- **If you do not have a EFC time:** Continue to the fix where the approach begins, hold until the estimated time of arrival from your flight plan. At that time, commence your approach.
62
During a PAR or ASR radar approach, initiate lost commo procedures if no transmissions are received for ______ minute(s) while being vectored to final, _____ seconds on ASR final approach, or _____ seconds on PAR final.
During a PAR or ASR radar approach, initiate lost commo procedures if no transmissions are received for **_1 minute(s)_** while being vectored to final, **_15 seconds_** on ASR final approach, or **_5 seconds_** on PAR final.
63
If you have lost commo during a GCA approach, what are your procedures?
Lost commo procedures for a GCA approach are:
- Attempt contact on another frequency.
- Squawk 7600.
- If cannot proceed VMC, execute an instrument approach of your choosing.
- Maintain higher of last assigned altitude or Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA) until established on segment of approach.
64
If no holding pattern is published and you are approaching your clearance limit, what are your procedures?
If no holding pattern is published and a clearance limit is reached, a pilot is expected to:
- 3 minutes prior to reaching the clearance limit, reduce airspeed to maximum holding airspeed (or below) - (175kts for propellers).
- Enter a standard holding pattern (right turns) on the course on which the aircraft approached the fix.
- Ask ATC for further clearance.
65
Upon entering holding, how long should the initial outbound leg be flown?
The initial outbound leg of a holding pattern is normally flown for 1 minute (1 and 1/2 min above 14,000 ft MSL)
_However_, if you know the winds you may adjust the 1 minute as required.
66
During IFR, what are some special considerations to fly "VFR On Top"?
Considerations to fly "VFR On Top":
- The pilot must specifically ask for a VFR On Top clearance.
- You must fly a VFR altitude (even/odd + 500).
- You must maintain appropriate VFR visibility and cloud clearance.
- You must still follow all IFR rules (i.e., position reporting, adherence to ATC clearances).
- You should coordinate with ATC for altitude changes.
67
How do you determine the abeam point while holding over a NAVAID?
While holding over a NAVAID, the abeam point is determined:
- **_VOR:_** By the first change of the TO-FROM flag or, By observing the 90 degree radial from the VOR.
- **_NDB:_** By observing the 90 degree bearing to the NDB.
68
During intersection holding, when does the outbound timing start?
During intersection holding, outbound timing starts wings level on the outbound heading.
69
While holding, you receive a clearance to leave the fix. Do you have to leave the holding pattern at the fix or from anywhere in the holding pattern?
When cleared to leave the holding fix, you must depart the pattern from over the fix.
*The only exception is when ATC states "cleared from your present position"*
70
If holding over the approach fix and the pilot receives clearance for the approach, can the pilot execute the procedure turn from the holding pattern by extending the outbound heading?
Yes, while holding over the approach fix and approach clearance is received, you may extend the outbound leg and execute the procedure turn while in the holding pattern.
* Note: You cannot extend the holding pattern if the holding pattern is "In Lieu of a Procedure Turn". This is denoted by a heavy dark holding pattern with no procedure turn barb.*
* Note: If holding on the procedure turn side, you can descend to procedure turn altitude while going outbound.*
71
If you are holding as depicted on a COPTER instrument approach plate, what is the max airspeed?
If a holding pattern is depicted on a COPTER approach plate, 90 knots is the maximum holding airspeed.
72
Are you required to read back an IFR clearance?
Requirements to read back clearances are:
- While you are on the ground: no read back required.
- While airborne, you must read back any altitude or vector given.
* NOTE: Include your aircraft ID in all read backs and acknowledgements.*
73
What is a (L) NOTAM?
A (L) NOTAM means "Local".
This information stays with the local FSS and not disseminated to other FSSs. Pilots have to specifically ask for (L) NOTAMS.
*Examples include taxiway closures or the rotating beacon out.*
74
What is a FDC NOTAM?
A "FDC" NOTAM means Flight Data Center. Information that is transmitted and printed by the FDC. If the information is printed in a FAA Notice, then the pilot will not be briefed about the NOTAM.
*Examples include natural disaster areas or amendments to Approach Plates.*
75
While using the magnetic compass only, what heading would you roll out on under the following circumstances:
(assume a 14 degree bank angle and a latitude of 30 degrees North):
A) PRESENT HEADING 360; RIGHT TURN TO A MAG HEADING OF 090 DEGREES.
B) PRESENT HEADING 360; RIGHT TURN TO A MAG HEADING OF 180 DEGREES.
C) PRESENT HEADING 180; RIGHT TURN TO A MAG HEADING OF 360 DEGREES.
Using the mag compass only, _roll out_ on these headings:
a) Turning right from a heading of 360 to 090:
roll out on 083
* (090 - 7 (half the rate of turn) = 83).*
b) Turning right from a heading of 360 to 180:
roll out on 203.
* (180 + 30 - 7 = 203).*
c) Turning right from a heading of 180 to 360:
roll out on 323.
*(360 - 30 - 7 = 323.)*
76
If the pitot static system becomes clogged, what is an emergency source or static pressure?
An emergency source of static pressure can be obtained by breaking the glass cover of the VSI.
*NOTE: The VSI will read backwards.*
77
When you observe your desired heading is off more than 20 degrees, what kind of turn should be used? Less than 20 degrees?
Use standard rate turns when your desired heading is off 20 degrees or more. Use half rate turns for less than 20 degrees.
78
While using an instrument Departure Procedure (DP), if not published or directed by ATC....
at what altitude can you start your turn after take-off?
When using a DP, you may start turning at 400 ft above the airport elevation (unless published differently or ATC instructs otherwise).
79
What are the minimum cloud and visibility requirements within Class B Airspace?
Minimum weather requirements for Class B Airspace are:
Distance from Clouds: Clear of Clouds
Minimum Visibility: 3 SM
80
What is the width of a VOR airway?
The width of a VOR airway is 8 NM, 4 NM either side of centerline. This is only true within 51 NM of the VOR. After 51 NM, the airway expands about 2 NM for ever 13 NM increases in length.
81
What is the max indicated airspeed during a "COPTER" approach?
Max indicated airspeed for a "COPTER" approach is 90 knots.
82
What is the normal distance that you must stay within during "COPTER" procedure turns?
During a "COPTER" approach, the procedure turn limiting distance is normally set at 5 NM.
83
What is the recommended rate of climb or descent?
The max rate of descent is dependent upon the safe operation of the aircraft. Within 1000 feet of the assigned altitude, the rate of climb or descent should not exceed 500 feet per minute.
84
During IFR, what are some special considerations to fly "VFR On Top"?
Considerations to fly "VFR On Top":
- The pilot must specifically ask for a VFR On Top clearance.
- You must fly a VFR altitude (even/odd + 500).
- You must maintain appropriate VFR visibility and cloud clearance.
- You must still follow all IFR rules (i.e., position reporting, adherence to ATC clearances).
- You should coordinate with ATC for altitude changes.
85
What is AWOS?
Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) is a computer generated voice system over the NAVAID or a special VHF frequency. AWOS automatically senses the local weather and broadcasts that information to the pilot. AWOS has a max range of 25 NM.
86
What is ASOS?
Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) - it is just like the AWOS in most respects. If there is an ASOS or AWOS located at an airport, it will be denoted in the IFR Supplement.
87
If you are low on fuel and you want to advise ATC of this, what is the proper radio call?
Advise ATC when your fuel status is such that you cannot accept any undue delay. You should use the phrase "Minimum Fuel".
88
When you are instructed to change frequencies, do you have to acknowledge this instruction or just change frequencies without having to acknowledge?
When advised by ATC to change frequencies, you must acknowledge the instruction.
89
How is Class C Airspace charted on a VFR Sectional Map?
Class C Airspace is charted on a VFR Sectional by 2 Magenta Circles
90
Are you required to read back an IFR clearance?
Requirements to read back clearances are:
- While you are on the ground: no read back required.
- While airborne, you must read back any altitude or vector given.
* NOTE: Include your aircraft ID in all read backs and acknowledgements.*
91
What does "IFR" stand for?
Instrument Flight Rules
92
What are the Dimensions of Class A Airspace?
Class A Airspace lies over the 48 contiguous states and Alaska, including airspace overlying waters within 12 NM of the coast.
93
What are the Vertical Dimensions of Class A Airspace?
Class A Airspace vertical limits are 18,000 ft MSL to FL 600. In Alaska, excludes airspace below 1500 AGL.
94
What type of flying operations are permitted in Class A Airspace?
Only IFR operations are permitted in Class A Airspace.
95
What are the Lateral Dimensions of Class B Airspace?
The lateral boundaries of Class B airspace are individually tailored. There are no special dimensions. The airspace consist of at least 2 layers (looks like an upside down wedding cake).
96
What are the Vertical Dimensions of Class B Airspace?
Class B Airspace - extends from the surface to generally 10,000 ft MSL. Each layer has its OWN defined vertical limit.
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What are the minimum cloud and visibility requirements within Class B Airspace?
Minimum weather requirements for Class B Airspace are:
Distance from Clouds: Clear of Clouds
Minimum Visibility: 3 SM
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What are the Class B Airspace Commo requirements?
Must have a POSITIVE ATC clearance prior to entry or departure in Class B Airspace. For IFR operations, must have VOR or TACAN.
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What is the Transponder Requirement for Class B Airspace?
Must have Transponder with Mode C.
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What is the Mode C Veil?
The Mode C Veil is the airspace within 30 NM of the Class B airport in which a transponder with Mode C is required. Active from surface to 10,000 ft MSL. The veil is denoted on VFR charts by a thin magenta line.
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How is Class B airspace charted on a VFR Sectional Map?
Class B Airspace is charted on a VFR Sectional by a series of Blue Circles.
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What are the lateral dimensions of Class C Airspace?
Class C Airspace has 2 Magenta Circles centered on the airport:
The INNER Circle has a radius of 5 NM.
The OUTER Circle has radius of 10 NM.
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What are the Vertical Dimensions of Class C Airspace?
Class C Airspace has 2 Magenta Circles centered on the Airport:
The **INNER circle** starts at the surface and goes up to **4000 ft AGL**.
The **OUTER circle** starts at **1200 ft AGL** and goes up to **4000 ft AGL**.
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What are the minimum cloud and visibility requirements to operate in Class C Airspace?
The minimum weather requirements to operate within Class C Airspace are: Distance from Clouds = 500 ft below, 1000 ft above, 2000 ft horizontal. Min Visibility = 3 SM
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What are the Communication Requirements to operate in Class C Airspace?
You MUST establish commo with ATC PRIOR to entry. If ATC Says "*Army Copter 12345, Standby*", then positive commo HAS been established. BUT, if ATC does NOT use your call sign, then you are not authorized to enter Class C Airspace.
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What is the Class C Transponder Requirement?
You MUST have a transponder with MODE C within and above all Class C Airspace, up to 10,000 ft MSL.
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How is Class C Airspace charted on a VFR Sectional Map?
Class C Airspace is charted on a VFR Sectional by 2 Magenta Circles
