Aeromedical - Hangar flashcards
1
Q
What are the three protective measures needed to prevent or reduce toxic substance exposure?
A
- Individual
- Cockpit
- General
2
Q
What are the four safety features provided by an aircraft?
A
- Structural shell - prevent intrusion of structure in the occupiable living space
- Landing gear and crashworthy seats
- Personnel restraint system
- Post-crash factors - crashworthy fuel systems, self sealing fuel cells, break free self sealing fuel lines, and fire extinguishing systems
3
Q
Which one of the safety features are essential for survival?
A
(Structural Shell) Provided an occupiable living space
4
Q
What is an example of a safety feature of the aircraft?
A
Break Resistant Fuel Lines (Post-Crash Factors)
5
Q
What are the ONLY 3 types of material that ARE allowed for underwear?
A
- Cotton
- Wool
- Nomex These are Flame Resistant Materials
6
Q
Can the three types of underwear material be combined?
A
Yes
7
Q
What MAY be used in the rinse cycle to remove body oils?
A
Fabric Softeners
8
Q
What setting can you IRON the NOMEX flight suit and at what temperature?
A
Permanent Press Setting @ Medium Temperature
9
Q
What temps can you wash flight suits and NOMEX?
A
Flight Suits < 180
NOMEX < 120
10
Q
What can you NOT wear on your flight suit?
A
Metal Badges
11
Q
What is The Definition of Acceleration?
A
The rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
12
Q
What are the factors that determine the effects of acceleration of the human body?
A
(BIRDI)
Body Area and site - Greater area = lesser effects
Intensity - increases effect
Rate of Onset - increases effect
Duration - increases effect
Impact Direction - increases effect
13
Q
What is the definition of Inertia?
A
The resistance to a change in the state of rest or motion.
14
Q
What are Low Magnitude Accelerations?
A
G’s that range from 1 to 10 G’s and last for several seconds.
15
Q
What are the factors that reduce the overall efficiency of the body, especially the circulatory system, to withstand G’s called?
A
Decremental Factors
16
Q
What are the factors that enhance the ability of the body to withstand G-forces called?
A
Incremental Factors
17
Q
Name a criteria that occupant survivability is contingent upon during an accident?
A
Occupiable living space: Two objects cannot occupy that same space
18
Q
What are aircraft design features that enhance crash survivability?
A
(CREEP)
Container
Restraint System
Environment
Energy Absorption
Post Crash Factors
19
Q
(1)__________ is the mechanical radiant energy that is transmitted by (2)___________ pressure waves.
A
Sound
longitudinal
20
Q
Noise is a (1)_______ that is (2)_________, _________, or _________
A
1) sound
2) loud, unpleasant, or unwanted
21
Q
4 NOISE Effects Are:
A
- Annoyance
- Fatigue
- Speech Interference
- Hearing Loss
22
Q
True or False? Noise has measurable characteristics.
A
True
23
Q
What are the three measurable characteristics of NOISE?
A
(F.I.D.)
Frequency
Intensity
Duration
24
Q
What is Sensorineural Hearing Loss?
A
The cochlea is damaged (permanent hearing loss)
25
What are the four types of stressors?
Psychosocial Stressors
Environmental Stressors
Physiological Stressors
Cognitive Stressors
26
In Army aircraft, the overall noise levels are generally equal to or exceed what?
100 dB
27
What is Amplitude?
The maximum displacement of an object from its position at rest.
28
What are the three components of VIBRATION?
(F.A.D.)
Frequency
Amplitude
Duration
29
What are the short-term effects that vibration can cause?
FCMDR - (flight commander)
**_F_**atigue
**_C_**irculatory effects
**_M_**otion sickness
**_D_**isorientation
**_R_**espiratory effects
30
What are some long-term effects of VIBRATION?
Raynads disease
Backache/back pain
Kidney/lung damage
31
What are the physical divisions of the atmosphere?
**_Troposphere_** - Extends to an Alt. of 30,000 ft. at the poles, and 60,000 ft. at the equator.
**_\*\*Tropopause\*\*_** - boundary between troposphere and stratosphere.
**_Stratosphere**_ - troposphere to about 50 miles upward. _**Ionosphere_** - end of stratosphere upward to 600 miles. **_Exosphere_** - end of ionosphere to about 1200 miles (true space)
32
What are the physiological zones of the atmosphere? What altitudes are the zones at?
1. Efficient Zone: Sea level to 10,000 ft.
2. Deficient Zone: 10,000 ft. to 50,000 ft.
3. Space Equivalent Zone: Above 50,000 ft.
33
Which physiological zone is lethal to humans?
Space Equivalent Zone
34
What is the standard Sea Level Atmospheric Pressure?
760 mm/Hg (reduces by half at 18,000 ft)
or
29.92 inches mercury
35
What are the substances that make up the mixture of air?
Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
Other - 1%
36
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
1. Transport O2 and nutrients to cells
2. Transport metabolic wastes to organ removal sites
3. Assists in temperature regulation
37
What are the components and functions of blood?
Plasma - transports CO2 in blood
White Blood Cells - fights infection
Platelets - aid in blood coagulation
Red Blood Cells - transports nearly 98.5% of all O2 in blood.
38
What are the functions of Respiration?
Provide O2 to cells
Remove carbon dioxide from cells
Assist in maintaining body temperature
Assist in maintaining body acid-base balance
39
What are the two phases of External Respiration?
Active - inhalation
Passive - exhalation
40
What is the definition of Hypoxia?
A condition that results from having an insufficient amount of oxygen in the body.
41
What are the four types of Hypoxia?
1. Hypemic
2. Stagnant
3. Histotoxic
4. Hypoxic
42
When does Hypoxic Hypoxia occur? What is the cause?
Occurs when there is not enough oxygen in the air.
CAUSE: High Altitude
43
What is Hypemic Hypoxia?
What is the cause?
A reduction in the oxygen carrying capability of the blood.
CAUSE: Blood loss or carbon monoxide.
44
What is Stagnant Hypoxia?
What is the cause?
Inadequate circulation of the blood.
CAUSE: Heart failure or high G Maneuvers.
45
When does Histotoxic Hypoxia occur?
What is the cause?
Occurs when there is interference with the use of O2 (OXYGEN) by body tissue.
CAUSE: Alcohol and drugs.
46
What are the four stages of Hypoxia? and Altitudes associated?
1. Indifferent 0-10,000 MSL
2. Compensatory 10,000-15,000 MSL
3. Disturbance 15,000-20,000 MSL
4. Critical 20,000 - 25,000 MSL (or 20,000 + depending on ref)
47
Which of the four stages of hypoxia is the most dangerous and kills the most soldiers?
Indifferent
48
How Do You Prevent Hypoxic Hypoxia? (this is the most common type)
1. Limit time at altitude
2. Use supplemental oxygen during night flights above 4000ft.
3. Utilize a pressurized cabin (if possible)
49
How do you TREAT Hypoxia?
1. Give 100% Oxygen. (if you can)
2. Descend below 10,000 feet.
50
What is the only significant effect of mild hypoxia at the indifferent stage?
Night vision deteriorates at about 4,000 ft.
51
Hyperventilation is an (1)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and (2)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of respiration leading to abnormal loss of (3)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from the blood.
1) excessive rate
2) depth
3) CO2
52
What is the difference between signs and symptoms?
Symptoms are observed by the individual.
Signs are observed by the crewmember(s).
53
What are the components of the human eye and their functions?
1. Cornea - protective tissue located over front of eye
2. Iris - regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting pupil
3. Pupil - center of iris, allows light to enter eye
4. Retina - contains the rod and cone cells - permits us to see
54
What are the four common Visual Deficiencies?
1. Astigmatism
2. Myopia
3. Hyperopia
4. Presbyopia
55
What occurs when the natural aging process causes the lens to harden and lose its elasticity?
Presbyopia
56
Role of visual cues: Orientation by vision requires what 3 things?
(R.I.P.)
Recognition
Identification
Perception
57
What are the different Visual Illusions?
(FFF - CRASH - CSAR)
**_F_**alse Horizon
**_F_**ascination / Fixation
**_F_**licker Vertigo
**_C_**onfusion with Ground Lights
**_R_**elative Motion
**_A_**utokinesis
**_S_**tructural Illusions
**_H_**eight/Depth Perception
**_C_**rater Illusion
**_S_**ize-Distance
**_A_**ltered Planes of Reference
**_R_**eversible Perspective
58
What visual confusion occurs when an aviator mistakes ground lights for stars?
Confusion with Ground Lights
59
What visual illusion promotes the aviator to place the aircraft in an unusual attitude?
Confusion with with Ground Lights
60
What three major reasons make the function of the vestibular system extremely important?
VOR (v for vestibular)
1. Visual tracking
2. Orientation in the absence of vision
3. Reflex information
61
What are components of the Vestibular System?
Semicircular Canals
Otolith organs
62
What are the three types of Vestibular Illusions?
The Leans - turning in wrong direction without knowing it.
Graveyard Spiral - difficulty maintain straight flight after continuous curve.
Coriolis Illusion - rapid movement while feeling weightless.
63
What is the most dangerous Vestibular Illusion?
Coriolis Illusion
64
What proprioceptive mechanism is unreliable in the absence of vision while in flight?
Seat of the pants flying
65
Your co-pilot has pain one tooth. What is it and what do you do?
Bardontalgia (trapped gas disorders of the teeth). Land and seek dental care.
66
What occurs as pressure decreases and gasses dissolved in the body fluids are released as bubbles?
Evolved Gas Disbars (decompression sickness)
67
What are the primary symptoms Skin Manifestations where N2 bubbles are trapped under the skin?
Paresthesia which is a tingling and itching, reddish discoloration (occurs to the skin)
68
What is the definition of Sleep Inertia?
Sleep inertia is the short term grogginess experienced right after awakening.
69
What are the factors that influence your sleep cycle?
(METAL)
Medication
Environment
Timing of sleep
Age
Level of fatigue
70
What is the best fatigue countermeasure?
Strategic Napping
71
What are the countermeasures for Shift Lag?
Reduce mental demands on night flights.
Minimize administrative duties after the shift.
Implement shorter continuous periods at the controls.
Maximize every sleep opportunity.
Determine if circadian readjustment is necessary.
Ensure the crew double checks everything.
72
What are Self-Imposed Stressors? (Definition)
Self-imposed stressors are stresses that an aviator has personal control over.
The acronym to remember is D-E-A-T-H
73
What does D-E-A-T-H stand for? (in regards to self-imposed stressors)
Drugs
Exhaustion
Alcohol
Tobacco
Hypoglycemia
74
How long must you wait after drinking alcohol before flying?
After drinking alcohol (IAW AR 40-8), you must wait 12 hours AND wait until any residual effects are gone before flying.
75
Physiologically, what altitude is your body at after drinking 3 ounces of alcohol?
6000 ft. Each ounce consume increases your physiological altitude by 2000 ft.
76
What is caused by a lack of rest sleep, and physical exercise?
Exhaustion
77
What is the definition of Hypoglycemia?
Hypoglycemia is defined as low blood sugar. With low blood sugar, the body feels weak and fainting could occur.
78
How can you avoid Hypoglycemia?
Eating regular, balanced meals, with proper nutrition.
79
What is the definition of Middle Ear Discomfort?
Discomfort mainly during a descent caused by trapped air expanding or contracting in the middle ear.
80
How do you prevent Middle Ear Discomfort?
1. Swallow or Yawn
2. Valsalva - Close the mouth, pinch the nose shut, and blow sharply. (never do the valsalva in an ascent)
3. If not remedied, descend very slowly.
4. If you cannot solve the problem on the ground, see the Flight Surgeon ASAP.
81
What is the definition for Spatial Disorientation?
Spatial disorientation is an individual’s inability to determine his position, attitude, and motion relative to the surface of the earth, or significant objects. i.e. Trees, poles, or building during a hover. When it occurs, pilots are unable to see, believe, interpret, or prove the information derived from their flight instruments.
82
What are the types of Spatial Disorientation?
Type I - Unrecognized
Type II - Recognized
Type III - Incapacitation
83
What is the most dangerous type of Spatial Disorientation?
Type I - Unrecognized (e.g. Pilot doesn't realize he/she is disoriented, and could drive the aircraft into the ground or other terrain) Usually results in a fatal crash.
84
Which type of Spatial Disorientation causes an overwhelming sensation of movement?
Type III - Incapacitation
(The pilot has an overwhelming sensation of movement and cannot control the aircraft. Usually not fatal if the copilot gains control)
85
How do you prevent Spatial Disorientation?
1. Never fly without a visual horizon
2. Never try to fly VMC and IMC at the same time
3. Trust your instruments
4. Avoid Fatigue, and self-imposed stressors (DEATH)
86
How do you TREAT Spatial Disorientation?
1. Delay Intuitive Reactions long enough to reference Instruments
2. Refer to your instruments (Develop good cross-check)
3. Transfer the flight controls
87
What are the four terms associated with Spatial Disorientation?
1. Vertigo
2. Sensory illusion
3. Spatial disorientation
4. Orientation or equilibrium
88
What are the 3 dynamics of Spacial Disorientation?
1. Visual dominance
2. Vestibular suppression
3. Vestibular opportunism
89
What are three types of Sensory Systems?
Visual System
Vestibular System
Proprioceptive System
90
Which of the 3 types of Sensory Systems are the MOST IMPORTANT?
The VISUAL SYSTEM is the most important system, providing 80% of orientation information.
91
What are the "FFF" VISUAL ILLUSIONS? Remember: (FFF CRASH CSAR)
False Horizon
Fascination / Fixation
Flicker Vertigo
92
What are the "CRASH" VISUAL ILLUSIONS?
Remember: (FFF CRASH CSAR)
Confusion with Ground Lights
Relative Motion
Autokinesis
Structural
Height Perception
93
What are the "CSAR" VISUAL ILLUSIONS? Remember: (FFF CRASH CSAR)
Crater Illusion
Size Distance
Altered Planes of Reference
Reversible Perspective
94
What is the definition of False Horizon?
Confusing clouds as the horizon.
95
What is the Definition of Flicker Vertigo?
A flickering light causes sickness. Caused by sun flashing through blades or anti-collision light (at night) (4-20 Cycles per second)
96
What is the definition of fixation?
A visual concentration on one goal. (e.g. An Apache pilot may fly the aircraft into the ground while concentrating on the target.)
97
What is the definition of Crater Illusion?
While using NVGs, the IR light may create a visual crater in the ground.
98
What is the definition of Relative Motion?
Mistaking other's motion for your own motion (e.g. The car next to you while stopped at a stop light moves forward a little, and you mistake their movement as your vehicle moving backward.)
99
What is the definition of Autokinesis Illusion?
After starting at a light for 6 to 12 seconds, you wrongly perceive that the light moves. (most likely happen at night while staring at a single light source)
100
What is the definition of Height Perception Illusion?
While flying over Sand, Snow, or Water, there are no visual cues and the pilot has no depth perception. You may feel higher than you actually are. (e.g. Flying over southern Iraq at 200 feet. You may feel higher, and may not notice that you are in a slight descent)
101
What is the definition of Size Distance Illusion?
When an object appears to be closer or farther away based on the known size of an object. (e.g. When viewing the lights of a distant aircraft, the aircraft will look farther away when it flies into a haze.)
102
What is the definition of Altered Planes of Reference?
You feel the need to climb based on referenced terrain in the distance. Different planes of reference (ground level terrain, and a mountain), cause you to feel if you need to climb.
103
What is the definition of Reversible Perspective?
At night, an aircraft may appear to be moving away, but it is actually approaching.
104
What is the definition of Fatigue?
Fatigue is the state of feeling tired, weary, or sleepy that results from prolonged mental or physical work, extended periods of anxiety, exposure to harsh environments, or loss of sleep. Boring tasks also increase fatigue. (e.g. Being a flight school student at Fort Rucker will make you feel fatigued).
105
What are the three types of Fatigue?
Acute
Chronic
Burnout
106
When will a soldier (Pilot) Experience Burnout?
After prolonged chronic fatigue, the person shuts down and ceases functionally, occupationally, and socially. A complete lack of motivation.
107
What does the US Army Aeromedical Activity (AAMA) do?
Review and recommends disposition of flying duty medical examinations and medical waivers for continued flying duty.
108
What are Flight Surgeons (FS) considered to be?
Physicians are considered to be rated crew members, NOT rated aviators.
109
Flight Surgeons, Aeromedical PA's and Nurse Practitioners are responsible for what?
Clinical and preventive medicine, unit readiness, staff function, clinical support.
110
Aeromedical psychologists are responsible for what?
Clinical consultations and support to flight surgeons, consultant to commanders, education and training.
111
What is the primary goal of Aviation Medicine Program?
Preventative medicine services
112
There are two broad categories of the Flying Duty Medical Examination (FDME). What are they?
A. Initial FDME - (Class 1-4) accession purposes. Good for 18 months.
B. Comprehensive FDME (Class 2-4) every 5 years \< 50 years old then annually. Good for 12 months expiring on the last day of the soldier's birth month.
113
What is the requirement for a flight student's status to change from class 1 to 2 of FDHS?
The physical must be completed by the last day of the birth month after the soldier completes flight school. However, the soldier may take the examination within a three-month period preceding the end of the birth month.
114
What form is the Medical Recommendation for flying duty?
DA Form 4186 or "UPSLIP" An official document used to notify the aviation commander of the initial recommendation for certification of medical fitness for all classes of military and civilian aviation personnel.
115
Who is the final approval authority for the DA FORM 4186?
Unit Commander
Unit commander may agree or disagree with final results.
116
What is a temporary disqualification and what is likely to result in?
Imposed by the FS/APA for a temporary aero disqualifying condition, that are minor, self-limited and likely to result in re-qualification within 365 days.
117
What are the temporary restrictions due to exogenous factors?
Medications, Anesthesia, Dietary supplements, alcohol (12 hours), immunization, tear gas exposure, blood or plasma donations, altitude chamber, diving, tobacco smoking, strenuous sports activities, simulator sickness (12 hours), centrifuge runs (6 hours).
118
What are some "medications" under class 1 IAW AR 40-8 that may be used without a waiver?
Protein supplements, antacids, artificial tears, aspirin/acetophetomine, cough syrup, decongestant, pepto bismal, multiple vitamins, nasal sprays, Metamucil, throat losenges. Please Refer to AR 40-8 (Flight Restrictions due to Exogenous Factors) or your Unit Standardization Office for more information in regards to Flight Restriction.
119
How many classes are under Herbals and Dietary Supplements?
3
Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3
120
Which class of Herbal Supplements may be used without approval of a FS/APA?
Class 1 Most water soluble
121
Which class of Herbal Supplements may be used only with prior approval of the FS/APA?
Class 2 ?
122
What is an essential component of the Army Aviation Medicine Program?
Occupational Medicine Do not confuse this for the PRIMARY purpose of the Army Aviation Medicine Program (which is Preventative medicine services)
123
What are the three types of Aeromedical Hazards?
Physical Chemical Biological
124
What is Exposure?
The actual contact of the harmful substance with the biological organism.
125
What is the exposure of an agent over a short period of time that can cause adverse health changes?
Acute Exposure
126
Route of Entry Principle: What are the 3 principle ways a toxin can enter the body?
1. Inhalation
2. Absorption
3. Ingestion
127
What are the physiological principles related to toxins?
Metabolism slows with age,
amount of body fat,
genetics
128
What are the environmental principles related to toxins?
Atmospheric pressure,
temperature,
humidity
129
What is a product of Incomplete Combustion?
Carbon Monoxide
130
You're Using JP8, What is Toxic about it?
Carbon Monoxide
