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LC Chemistry > instrumentation > Flashcards

instrumentation Flashcards

1
Q

mass spectrometer

A

used to analyse blood of race horses for drugs, identify substances

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2
Q

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

A

used to analyse water samples for heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb)

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3
Q

GC

A

used with MS in drug testing also blood alcohol levels

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4
Q

HPLC

A

used to separate less volatile mixtures eg. growth promoters in meat

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5
Q

IR spec

A

used to identify functional groups + identify drugs

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6
Q

UV spec

A

quantitative used to find amount of organic substances

eg. drugs

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7
Q

instruments

A 
gas chromatograph
mass spectrometer
atomic absorption spectrometer
high-performance liquid chromatograph
infrared spectrometer
ultraviolet absorption spectrometer
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8
Q

Gas Chromatograph - principles

A

different components of a mixture have diff interactions w/ the stationary + mobile phases

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9
Q

Gas Chromatograph - processes

A
  • injection
  • transport of sample along column
  • separation in column
  • detection
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10
Q

Mass Spectrometer - principles

A

positively charged ions are separated on basis of their relative masses in a magnetic field

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11
Q

Mass Spectrometer - processes

A
  • vaporisation
  • ionisation
  • acceleration
  • separation
  • detection
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12
Q

Atomic Absorption Spectrometer - principles

A

ground state atoms of an element absorb light characteristic of that element. Absorbance is directly proportional to concentration

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13
Q

Atomic Absorption Spectrometer - processes

A
  • Sample soln sprayed into a flame + sample element converted into atoms of that element
  • Ground state atoms absorb radiation from source made from element
  • Absorbance measured
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14
Q

High-performance liquid chromatograph - principles

A

Different components of mixture have different tendencies to absorb onto v. fine particles of a solid in the HPLC column

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15
Q

High-performance liquid chromatograph - processes

A
  • injection
  • transport of sample along column
  • separation in column
  • detection
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16
Q

infrared spectrometer - principles

A
  • Molecules of a substance absorb infrared light of different frequencies.
  • The combination of frequencies absorbed is peculiar to the molecules of that substance
17
Q

infrared spectrometer - processes

A
  • IR radiation passes thru sample
  • sample absorbs IR radiation at specific wavelengths which are detected
  • absorption spectrum is obtained
18
Q

ultraviolet absorption spectrometer - principles

A
  • Absorption of UV radiation by molecules results in the promotion of electrons from their ground state energy levels to higher energy states
  • Absorbance is directly proportional to concentration
19
Q

ultraviolet absorption spectrometer - processes

A
  • UV light passed through sample and a blank

- absorption spectrum is obtained

20
Q

use of thin-layer chromatography in forensic science

A

the separation of dyes taken from fibres

21
Q

procedure: separate components in a mixture of indicators using paper chromatography

A
  • add solvent to bottom of tank. Cover, allow to stand for a few hours - become saturated w/ solvent vapour
  • draw line near top of rectangular sheet of chrom. paper and just above eluent
  • place small spot of each indicator + mixtures at diff points on line near bottom of paper using capillary tube. Allow to dry
  • place in tank, ensuring solvent level is below line spots of indicators
  • run the chromatogram until solvent reaches line near top of paper

(diagram in sheet)

22
Q

procedure: separate components in a mixture of indicators using thin-layer chromatography

A
  • using capillary tube, place small spot of each sample near bottom of plate just above eluent. Allow to dry.
  • stand plate in tank with eluent, ensuring samples are above the surface of the liquid
  • Cover tank, allow solvent front to rise up to plate near top.

(diagram in sheet)

23
Q

How to purify impure copper by electrolysis

A

-incl diagram

  • battery used as power supply
  • copper sulfate electrolyte
  • impure copper acts as anode, is oxidised
  • pure copper acts as cathode
  • copper ions (Cu²⁺) in soln reduced, pure copper plates out on cathode
24
Q

Copper electrolysis - equation for reactions that take place at electrodes

A

Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ –> Cu

Cu –> Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻

25
Q

what happens to impurities in the copper during electrolysis?

A

fall to bottom of container / found under anode / anode mud (sludge)

26
Q

Technique vs Equipment

A

Spectroscopy is the technique

Spectrometer in the equipment

27
Q

chromatography - why different components of the mixture travel diff distances along paper

A

explain using principle

28
Q

mass spectrometry application

A
  • measuring relative atomic mass
  • identifying species
  • water analysis
  • quality control
  • environmental analysis
  • separating isotopes
29
Q

gas chromatography application

A
  • blood alcohol analysis
  • drug testing
  • separating water pollutants
  • determining position of double bond in molecule
30
Q

What HPLC stands for

A

High-performance liquid chromatography

31
Q

Application of HPLC

A
  • testing for drugs
  • separating dyes
  • blood alcohol analysis
  • analysis of food for impurities, additives, growth promoters, caffeine, etc
32
Q

name the type of spectroscopy, based on absorptions within a particular range of electromagnetic frequencies, and used as a fingerprinting technique to identify organic and inorganic compounds

A

infra-red / IR

33
Q

name the instrumental technique that could have been used to confirm the identity of the product based on its absorption of a unique set of low energy electromagnetic radiations

A

infra red (IR) spectroscopy

34
Q

general principle of all colorimetric experiments

A

intensity of colour is proportional to concentration

LC Chemistry (26 decks)

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