Instrumental Conditioning

Question 1

Instrumental (operant) Conditioning

Answer 1

The learning between voluntary behaviour and its consequences (voluntary)

Question 2

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 2

Satisfy biological need

Question 3

Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 3

Established through conditioning; use secondary to get primary

Question 4

Shaping

Answer 4

Rewarding bits until behaviour is achieved

Question 5

Chaining

Answer 5

Keeping previous behaviours intact

Question 6

Temporal Proximity

Answer 6

How close the behaviour and the consequence are in time

Question 7

Thorndike

Answer 7

• studied cats in a puzzle box (food outside box for motivation)
• predicts trials following discovery cat would escape immediately
• but the cat still struggled, only getting a little better in discovering
• rope pulling behaviour gets “stamped in” and random behaviours get “stamped out”

Question 8

“Stamped in”

Answer 8

Behaviours with positive consequences are stamped in

Question 9

“Stamped out”

Answer 9

Behaviours with negative consequences are stamped out

Question 10

Reinforcer

Answer 10

stimulus that, when presented after a response, leads to a change in that rate of response

Question 11

Reward Training

Answer 11

Presentation of a positive reinforcer; increases the frequency of a behaviour

Question 12

Punishment Training

Answer 12

Presentation of a negative reinforcer; decreases the frequency of a behaviour

Question 13

Omission Training

Answer 13

Removal of a positive reinforcer; decrease in the behaviour being reinforced

Question 14

Escape Training

Answer 14

Removal of a negative reinforcer; increase in the response behaviour

Question 15

Autoshaping

Answer 15

Behaviours that can be learned without guidance by a higher power

Question 16

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

Answer 16

Signals when a contingency between a response and a reinforcement is “on”

Question 17

S- (Sẟ)

Answer 17

cue which indicates when the contingent relationship is not valid

Question 18

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 18

A response leads to a reinforcer on every single trial

Question 19

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 19

• Reinforcement should be delivered after a constant or “fixed” number of correct responses
• ex. a fixed ratio schedule of 2 means reinforcement is delivered after every 2 correct responses
• pause and run graph - zig zag

Question 20

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 20

• Reinforcement becomes available after a specific period of time
• FI2 would mean reinforcement becomes available after 2 minutes has passed
• graph - line is not constant ‘wavy’

Question 21

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 21

• Delivery of reinforcement will “vary” but must average out at a specific number
• reinforcement might give reinforcement after 1 correct response, then after 3
• graph - constant straight line (smaller ratio=steeper)

Question 22

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 22

• Time periods that must pass before reinforcement will “vary” but must average out at a specific time interval
• Yara organizes her boss’ documents for approx 2 hours, she allows herself 10 minutes of online shopping
• graph - constant straight line