Instrument Approaches Flashcards
What part of the federal aviation regulations deals with instrument approaches
Part 97 of the FAR describes standard instrument approaches
What is TERPS stand for ?
The United States Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures describes a standardized method for designing and evaluating instrument flight procedures to be used by all personal responsible for the preparation approval and preparation of IFPs
Simply stated what is the goal of an instrument approach?
To descent though clouds and find the airport
Why categories are instruments approaches divided into?
Precision
Non-Precision
Approaches with vertical guidance
What is a non-precision approach?
The airplane is flown along a navigation course to a minimum descent altitude (MDA). The flight is then flown at the MDA with the pilot hunting for the airport. If it is not sighted by a specified point a missed approach must be initiated
The point is specified by ground speed and time in the bottom right of the chart or specified on the approach
What is a precision approach?
The airplane is flown along a navigation course and a vertical guide path to a DA (Decision Altitude) if the runway is not in sight at this altitude you must initiate a missed approach
What’s the difference between Decision Altitude and Decision Height
Decision Altitude is measured above sea level (MSL)
Decision height is measured above ground level (AGL)
What is an approach with vertical guidance? (APV)
APV includes lateral course and vertical glide path information buts it’s not as accurate as a precision approach
What three item must be true to descend below MDA or DA on an instrument approach?
- Must have the runway, runway markings, approach lights or runway lights in sight
- The visibility cannot be less than specified on the approach chart
- Descent to the runway must be made at the normal rate
MDA minimum descent altitude
DA descent altitude
When is a procedure turn not authorized on an instrument approach? Note 4 Reasons
- NoPT on chart
- Procedure turn NA on chart
- Radar vectors to final (Requires ATC clearance)
- Times approach from hold
How is a mandatory altitude show on a chart?
The altitude has a line above and below it
____________
5800
—————-
How is a minimum altitude show on a chart?
A minimum altitude only has a line below it
5800
———-
How is a maximum altitude shown on a chart?
A maximum altitude has a line above the altitude
____________
5800
How is an aircraft approach category determined and how many categories are there ?
The category is based on the aircrafts final approach speed Vref or Vso x 1.3
Categories A<91 knots B 91- 120 C 121 - 140 D 141 - 165
What is a Maltese cross a symbol for ?
The fixed approach point
What are the components of an approach chart?
Pilot briefing, Plan View, Profile view and minimums
What part of the FARs describe instrument approaches ?
FAR 97
Where is criteria used to establish, review and approve instrument approaches is found where
TERPS
Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS)
What are three categories are instrument approaches divided into?
- Precision
- Non-Precision
- Approaches with vertical guidance
What is a non-precision approach ?
The airplane is flown along a navigation course to a minimum descent altitude if the runway is not in sight by a specified point then you must initiate a missed approach
What does MDA mean?
Minimum Descent Altitude used for no precision approach
What is a precision approach?
The airplane is flown along a navigation course and a vertical glide path to a decision altitude. If the runway is not in sight at this altitude you must initiate a missed approach
What does DA stand for?
Decision Altitude for a precision approach
What’s the difference between DA and DH
DA- Decision Altitude Height above sea level (MSL)
DH - Decision Height height above ground level (AGL)
What is an approach with Vertical Guidance ?
Includes lateral course and vertical glide path information but not as accurate as a precision approach
What must you have to descend below MDA or DA?
Must have runway, runway marking, approach lights or runway lights on sight and flight visibility cannot be less than specified on approach chart and aircraft must be in position to descent to runway at a normal rate
When is ATC clearance needed for a procedure turn?
- During Radar Vectors
2. When cleared for a timed approach from a holding fix
How does a computer navigation fix (cNF) show up on a chart?
X (xxxxx) followed by a five digit code which can be entered in as a GPS way point.
What three categories is the ILS divided into
Guidance - provided by localizer and glide slope
Range - provided by outer and middle markers
Visual info - provided by approach lights, touch down lights, centerline lights and runway lights
What does the guidance does the localizer provide compared to the glide slope
Localizer is left and right of runway
Glide Slope up and down
What is the localizer?
Electronic extension of the run way
1 of 40 channels with a frequency range of 108.1 to 111.95. The three letter Morse code proceed by letter I
What is a localizer width in degrees and feet
3 to 6 degrees wide to be 700 ft wide at approach end of runway
What are the localizers close relatives
Localizer Directional Aid (LDA)
Not alined with runway centerline typically designed to be of center for obstructing avoidance. To be a localizer it must be within 3 degrees of runway
Simplified Directional Facility (SDF) no glide slope may not be alight with runway
What are the ILS Categories and there decision height DA & visibility
Category (RVR Runway Visual Range)
I ILS
DH 200ft
Flight Visibility 1/2 mile (1800 RVR with TDZL/CL)
II ILS
DH 100 ft
Flight Visibility 1200 RVR
III ILS
Cat IIIa DH < 100 ft RVR > 699
Cat IIIb DH < 50 ft RVR 150 - 699
Cat IIIc DH 0ft RVR 0 ft
What glide slope would the lowest false slope require ?
1000 ft / NM (2000 ft per minute )
How tall is the glad slope in degrees ?
1.4 degrees (0.7 degrees either side of centerline)
What is the glide path ?
Where the localizer intercepts the glide path
What should a 172 be set at to fly a glide slope
1800 rpm to maintain 500FPM at 90 knots
What does RVR mean?
Runway Visual Range
What does a Barometric VNAV Approach require
- Requires advanced flight management computer
- Generates a glide slope based on a sensed air pressure
- Not authorized without local altimeter setting or when outside temperature is extremely cold
When flying the G1000 what does the magenta vs the green diamond mean?
Magenta Diamond = RNAV approach glide path
Green Diamond = ILS approach glide path
What are the five T and when are they used
5 Ts are used as an approach fix crossing checklist
1 Time (Start timer ) 2 Turn (Turn to new heading) 3 Twist (Set OBS to the outbound course) 4 Throttle (Reduce power for descent if required) 5 Talk (Report position to ATC of required)
What is and Barometric VNAV approach and what does it require ?
Provides lateral and vertical navigation guidance using a advanced flight management computer that generates a glide slope on sensed air
Requires
- Advanced Flight Management Computer
- Local altimeter setting
When is a procedure turn not required ?
- NoPT (on chart)
- Radar vectors to final
- Times approach from hold
- Procedure turn NA (on chart)
Where is the holding fix located on a holding pattern?
At the end of the in bound leg
How far in advance should you slow to holding speed ?
At least three minutes before reaching the holding fix
What are the maximum holding speeds and the elevations
Up to 6,000ft : 200 KIAS
6,000. to 14,000: 230 KIAs
Above 14,000 KIAS 265 KIAs
What is your turn limitations in the holding pattern?
Standard Rate Turn on turn coordinator, bank angle less than 30 degrees
What is used to determine holding pattern protected air space ?
- Altitude (high = stronger winds, more air space)
- Fix to NAVAID Distance (Farther = less precision, more air space)
- Airspeed (faster = larger turns, more air space)
What are the three types of entrances into a holding pattern?
- Direct
- Parallel
- Teardrop
What is required for a descent from MDA or DA?
The descent to landing must be made at a normal rate using normal maneuvers
How is a VDP displayed on an approach chart ? Where can it be found ?
Displayed as a V on the approach profile and typically defined by a GPS or DME fix
For GPS Instrument Approaches describe configuration and layout
Most approaches are designed to be straight in to the runway they serve
Typically include several initial approach fixes (IAF) which eliminate the need of a procedure turn
Most include a holding pattern to use for course reversal when arriving from opposite direction
What is required for a GPS approach?
A current database is required to fly an instrument approach
What informs does a LNAV approach provide?
Lateral Navigation
Most basic type of GPS approach
Providing left and right course guidance on the runway.
Relies on step down fixes for descents down to the runway
Missed approach is identified by a waypoint at the end of the final approach.
What is a LPV instrument approach? What information does it provide and what does it require ?
Most precise type of GPS approach available providing both lateral and vertical guidance down to the runway.
Requires a WAAS capable GPS
What are differences between LPV and LNAV approaches ?
LPV Approach Uses DA (decision altitude) must have required visibility and runway environment in sight to continue landing
LNAV Approach Uses MDA (minimum descent altitude)
What is a LP GPS approach, what does it required, how does it differ from an LNAV approach
Provides the same precise angular approach course as LPV and uses step down fixes for descent. Flown down to an MDA like an LNAV approach
Requires a WAAS capable GPS
Compared to an LNAV approach offers lower minimums
What are the four types of GPS instrument approaches?
LNAV + V
LNAV approach with advisory of vertical guidance
LP + V
LP approach with advisory vertical guidance
L/VNAV
LNAV / VNAV approach with required vertical navigation
LPV
LPV approach with required vertical navigation
