Air Traffic Control And IFR Flashcards
When did the federal regulation of air traffic begin
1926
What are the two air traffic services of most interested to pilots
Flight Service Stations preflight and in flight services
Tower, Approach and Departure Services responsible for separation
What is a Tracon?
A Tracon is a terminal radar approach control
When is the pilot responsibility to avoid traffic and obstructions
When in VFR conditions
What three dimensions do ATC refer to in terms of traffic?
Longitudinal, Lateral and Vertical
Which two systems does ATC rely on to control air traffic?
Radar primary
ADS-S automatic depended surveillance broadcast
How much separation is given to aircraft by ATC?
Within 40 NM of the antenna sight from other aircraft or obstructions
Vertical Separation up to FL410 between aircraft and above FL410
Horizontal separation between aircraft
Within 40 NM of the radar antenna 3NM of separation
Vertical separation in 1000 ft
From Fl290 to FL410 - reduces vertical separation RVSM aircraft and crew authorization required
Above FL410 2000 ft separation
Horizontal non-radar separation 10minutes
What is a large verses heavy aircraft?
Larger 41,000 pounds
Heavy 300,000 pounds
When are pilot of IFR flights required to make position reports ?
What is a position report?
In non radar environments or radar outage or when ATC tells you radar contact is lost
- Identification
- Position
- Time over reporting point
- Altitude or flight level
- Type of Flight Plan: IFR
- ETA and name of next reporting point
- Name of Reporting Point after next
What must you do if conditions are less than vfr
File and IFR flight and receive ATC clearance when the weather is less than VFR.
Note Class G airspace is not controlled by ATC
If there is no tower the you must call in to close your VFR flight plan
Who controls area around a terminal and to what altitude die does the approach airspace extend to ?
If there is no tower who controls the IFR and VFR departures and Arrival?
TRACON terminal radar approach
Approach Air Space Extended to 10,000 to 12,000 ft
ARTCC air Route Traffic Control Center controls arrivals and departures outside of approach airspace. Pilot must close flight plan either after landing or before landing if in VFR conditions
How many ARTCC control the airspace in the lower 48 states ?
What do the ARTCC boundary’s look like a chart?
20 center in the lower 48 states
Minnesota is controlled by ZMP.
The boundary’s are blue square zig zag with a line running though the center
What do remote ARTCC centers look like on a chart and what do the frequencies mean
The centers are surrounded by a square shape formed by a square shaped zig zag line
ARTCC discrete Sector Frequencies
Left civilian frequency
Right UHF military frequency
Boundaries are not charted and you will only know that a boundary is being crossed by a frequency change
What are the 4 different types of Airways in the United States?
A / D extra
Victor (VOR) airway
Jet (VOR) route
Q/T (RNAV) Route
Colored (NDB) Route
Arrival and Departure Routes
What are Victor Airways
Victor airways (V100) VOR federal airways
Range from 1200AGL to 17999MSL
4NM on either side of the airway line on a chart
Highest Assigned altitude is 17000 ft
What are high altitude Jet Routes?
Show on a chart as Jxx (J24)
Extend from 18,000 MSL to FL 450
Air Craft about FL 450 navigate by point to point navigation
What are Q-routes (RNAV)
High Altitude RNAV routes
Shown on Chart as Blue lines with a Q45 identification
What are T-Routes(RNAV) ?
T-routes are low altitude RNAV routes used for transition around busy airspace
What are Colored routes and where are they found
Based on Low medium frequency NAV aids
Based on 4 colors Red R10 Green G11 Amber A12 Blue B13
Colored Air Routes are found in North Carolina and Alaska
What are the different classes of VORs used for airways ? Why are their standard service volume
High Altitude Service Volume 1000-14,500 40NM range 14,500-17999 100 NM range 18000-FL450 130NM Range FL450-FL600 100NM range
Low Altitude Service Volume
1000-18000 40 NM range
Terminal Service Volume
1000-12000 25 NM range
What altitude should you be flying east and west
From 0 to 179 odd altitude thousands
From 180 to 359 even altitude thousands of feet
What does the MEA on a Victor Airway mean
Minimum en Route Altitude to guarantee VOR navigation coverage but not communications or radar coverage
Seen as the first number above the Victor Route identifier example V212
What is MOCA for a Victor Route and how is it identified on a chart ?
MOCA minimum obstruction clearance altitude guarantees navigation coverage within 22 NM of the station
List on a chart as the second number with a *2000
About the Victor Route identifier
If you can’t maintain_________descent or climb rate you must notify ATC.
500 fpm
If you your airspeed varies from the field TAS you must notify ATC
+- 5% or 10 knots
What is a SID?
A standard instrument departure common for airports in busy terminal air space.
Graphic departure procedure designed by ATC Used to Standardize traffic flow, ensure air craft separation and provide obstacle clearance
SID require ATC approval to fly see the chart for the top altitude and departure control frequency
What is the ODP?
Instrument Obstacle Departure Procedure may be text or graphical
Textual is located in the take off minimums section
Graphical is grouped in with the SIDs
Pilots responsibility to follow guidance - ATC will not issue a clearance for ODPs
Should be flown when the weather is less than VFR unless ATC issues a SID or radar vector. If ATC clearance conflicts with a ODP clarify with ATC.
A controller can’t cancel or lower an altitude published on a SID or ODP
What is the standard IFR climb procedure for ft per NM and altitude before turning
- Climb at least 200ft per NM
2. 400 ft AGL before turning
What slope does the FAA use in evaluating obstacles ?
152 ft AGL and 1NM from the departure end of the runway
If no obstacle penetrate the slope obstacle procedures are not published
200 ft per 1 NM required rates of Climb
90knots = 300 fpm
120knots = 425 fpm
What is a STAR
Standard Terminal Arrival Route used to sequence inbound traffic to an airport
Notes No STARS in remark section of flight plan if you don’t want to fly one
Expect descent gradient of 250 to 350 ft per NM at destination
What does MVA stand for
Minimum vectoring Altitude meets obstacle clearance requirements but may be lower than IFR charted altitude
Which two approaches are not considered procedure ? What is the difference betwenn
Visual Approach
Must have the airport or preceding aircraft to follow in sight
If you abort a visual approach at non towered airport you are expected to remain in VFR conditions and contact ATC asap for further instructions
Contact Approach:
Must be requested by the pilot
Minimum clear of clouds and have a mile flight visibility
Airport must have an approved instrument approach procedure
Pilot is responsible for obstruction clearance
What do you do If you experience radio failure en Route
Continue on the last assigned route and altitude,
Route
Route last assigned by ATC
Expected Route in further clearance
Route filed in flight plan
Altitude (which ever is highest)
Altitude last assigned by ATC
Minimum en Route altitude
Expected altitude in further clearance
Set transponder to 7600
Why are you required to report to ATC?
Hazardous and or unforecast weather
Safety information
Avionics Malfunction
Clearance deviation
Leaving an assigned altitude for a newly assigned altitude
Altitude Change when VFR on Top
500 FPM cannot he maintained during climb or descent
Air Speed varies by 5% or 10 kts
Time and Altitude reaching an assigned holding fix
Departing a holding Fix
Executing a missed approach procedure
What additional information do you need to report if radar contact is lost
Time and altitude passing designated reporting point
Time estimate over a designated point off by more than 3 minutes
Leaving the FAF inbound on a non-precision approach
Leaving the OM inbound on a precision approach
Minimum Fuel Status
What is part of the regulations concern recent experience, logging flight time, instrument rating
14 CFR Part 61 Regulations
What part of the regulations covers IFR operations, equipment and required inside
14 CFR Part 91
What part of the regulations covers pilot responsibilities for accident and incident reporting
14 CFR Part 830
What are the nine facts on a IFR flight plan
Fact
- Air Plane Number
- Air Plane Type
- Equipment
- True Airspeed
- Departure Airport
- Fuel on Board
- Pilot Name
- # of occupants
- Air Plane Color
Fiction ( variable that may change)
- Departure Time
- Destination airport
- Time en Route
- Alternate Airport
What FAR deals with the responsibilities and authority of the pilot in command
FAR 91.3
A. The pilot in command of an aircraft is indirectly responsible for and is the final authority as to the operation of the flight
B. In an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required by the emergency
C. Each pilot in command who deviates from a rule under paragraph B of this section shall upon the request of the administrator send a written report of the deviation to the administrator
What is the controller responsibilities and priorities
- Priority is given to the separation of aircraft from terrain, obstacles and other aircraft and issue of alerts
- Priority is given to other services that are required but due not involve separation of aircraft
- Priority is given to additional services to the extent possible
Where is an ADS-B OUT transponder required and what must it be paired with
Required in…
Class A Airspace
Class B Airspace within 30 NM of the primary airport
Class C within and above the airspace
Class E above 10000 ft MSL but not below 2500 AGL
Must be paired with a WAAS GPS position source
How often must the transponder be tested and according to which regulation.
Required to be tested every 24 calendar month according to FAR 91.413
What is a RAIM and what is the minimum it need to function ?
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitor
Requires either
5 GPS Satellites
4 GPS Satellites and a barometric altimeter input
If your GPS is not WAAS capable can you file an approach with out any other form of navigation?
No, another form of navigation is required
What is a WAAS GPS
Wide Area Augmentation System is unaffected by weather or clouds and provides minimums as low as 200 ft above touchdown area using 4 GPS signals
What rate should you expect for a normal descent gradient at your destination?
250 to 350 feet per NM
What does RNAV mean and what equipment is required for it
Area Navigation (RNAV)
What type of approach must be requested by the pilot ?
Contact Approach
What should a pilot do if they do not wish to use an instrument depart procedure?
Enter NO DP in the remarks section of the IFR flight plan
A mode C, Mode S or ADS-B out transponder allows the controller to see
Planes Altitude
What statements from ATC indicates you must start reporting positions
Either
Radar Contact Lost
Radar Service Terminated
When a pilot is flying under IFR flight rules in VFR conditions are they responsible for seeing and avoiding other air craft
Yes
When climbing and being handed off to a new controller what should the pilot tell them ?
State the Altitude Passing
State the Assigned Altitude
If you are in a holding pattern what must you report ?
Report departing the holding fix
What are the 5 types of ATS(air traffic service) routes?
Victor (VOR) Airways
Jet (VOR) Airways
Q/T (RNAV) Routes
Colored (NDB) Airways
Arrival / Departure Routes
What altitudes are victor airways at and how do you see them on a chart
Victor airways displayed on a chart starting with V100 with altitudes ranging from 1200 AGL to 17,999 MSL
How wide are victor airways ?
8 nm in width with 4 nm on either side of the charted airway
What is contained in FAR part 61
Recent Experience Requirements, logging of flight time and instrument rating requirements
What FAR covers IFR operations, equipment and inspection required
What’s in the Aeronautical Information Manual
Basic Flight Information ATC procedures Safety of Flight Health and Medical Facts Pilot / Controller Roles and Responsibilities Changes in Regulations pertaining to airspace and flight operations Radio AIDS to Navigation Radar services and procedures Lighting and Airport Visual AIDS Airport Signs and Markings
What does ATC expect if radio failure occurs ?
Route- last assigned by ATC, expected route in a further clearance, route filed in flight plan
Altitude- altitude assigned by ATC, minimum en route altitude, expected altitude in a further clearance
Set transponder to 7600
What are Required reports to ATC when in radio contact
- Time and altitude reaching an assigned holding fix
- Departing a holding fix
- Executing the missed approach procedure
What are additional required Reports to ATC when there is radio coverage ?
- time and altitude passing designated reporting points
- Time estimate over a designated reporting point off by more than 3 minutes
- Leaving the final inbound on a non precision approach
- Leaving the OM inbound on a precision approach
If less than minimum fuel what should be reported?
A minimum fuel status the will not give you a priority landing for that you must declare and emergency
What is the guard frequency?
121.5 Guard Frequency
What FAR says that’s the pilot in command of the air craft is directly responsible for and is the final authority as to the operation of the air craft
Federal Aviation Regulation 91.3
What does the pilot need to do if he doesn’t like the heading assigned by the ATC due to weather
Notify ATC of the weather situation and wait for a new vector or declare an emergency
What does mode c report?
Altitude
position
What does ADS-B report?
GPS Position
Altitude
Ground Speed
What does ads b in report?
Weather and Traffic
Where is ADS-B required?
Class A
Class B with 30 nm
Class C within and above airspace
Class E above 10,000 MSL but not below 2500 AGL
How often does FAR 91.413 require Transponders to be tested
Every 24 calendar months
What is limitation of ADS-b in?
Not all aircraft is required to have ADS-B out
