Institutional aggression in the context of prisons Flashcards
1
Q
What theoretical stances have arisen to account for institutional aggression?
A
- Dispositional explanations > locate causes of aggressive behaviour within the individual (personality)
- Situational explanations > attribute responsibility for aggression to factors within the prison environment
2
Q
What is the dispositional theory of institutional aggression and who proposed it?
A
- The importation model > Irwin & Cressey (1962)
3
Q
What does the importation model argue?
A
- model suggests that aggression is caused by individual differences rather than the prison context
- This is because as suggested by Thomas & McManimom the willingness of inmates to use violence in prisons to settle disputes reflects prisoners lives in the ‘real world’ and is a result of their dispositions (beliefs, history, traumas, abuse etc)
- Irwin & Cressey > inmates import such behaviours into prisons which will pre dispose them to use their aggression to establish power, status, access to resources etc
- they will not be challenged as aggression is apart of the ‘convict subculture’
4
Q
What is the dispositional explanation based on?
A
- nature (individual temperament)
- nurture (social environment)
5
Q
What evidence is there for the importation model?
A
- DeLisi et al > studied a group of juvenile offenders
- found that certain dispositional traits such as childhood trauma, anger etc were imported into prisons & coincided with an increase risk of violent behaviour & suicidal activity amongst them compared with control group of inmates who did not have negative features
6
Q
What is the situational theory for institutional aggression and who proposed it?
A
- the deprivation model > Clemmer (1958)
7
Q
What does the deprivation model argue?
A
- prison environment itself is the cause of IA
- harsh prison conditions are stressful to inmates who cope by resorting to aggression
- harsh conditions include:
1. lack of opportunity to fulfil psychological needs (sexual intimacy)
2. physical factors (deprived of good & services)
3. prison regime (unpredictable & regular use of ‘lock ups’ to control behaviour may create frustration, reducing stimulation by barring other activities e.g. TV)
>leads to increase competition for resources which are resolved through violence (adaptive solution)
8
Q
What evidence is there for the deprivation model?
A
- Steiner in his meta analysis of 512 US prisons found that prison level factors e.g. overcrowding, more women staff & more inmates in protective custody were indicators for the likelihood of aggressive behaviour from inmates
9
Q
What is a strength of the importation model?
A
- Research support
- Camp & Gaes > studied male inmates with similar criminal histories & predispositions to aggression
- half were placed in low security prions and half placed in high security prisons
- within two years there was no significant difference between prisons in the number of prisoners involved in aggressive misconduct
- concluded that features of prisons are less important predictors of aggressive behaviour > strong evidence due to random allocation of inmates > more valid & reliable
10
Q
What is a limitation of the importation model?
A
- ignored key factors
- Dilulio claims that the model ignores factors such as the way prions run in influencing prisoners behaviour
- he proposed an administrative control model (ACM) as a more valid & accurate explanation of aggressive behaviour > which states that poorly managed prisons are more likely to have inmate violence
- e.g. unofficial rules, staff who remain distant from inmates etc
- may act as triggers for aggressive behaviour > suggest situational more important
11
Q
What is a strentgh of the deprivation model?
A
- research support
- Cunningham et al > analysed 35 inmate homicides in Texas prisons & found that the perpetuators motivations for violent behaviours were linked to some of the deprivations identified in Clemmer’s model
- these included disputes between cell sharing inmates over drugs, sexual activity & personal possessions
- support models validity
12
Q
What is a limitation of the deprivation model?
A
- the model predicts that a lack of heterosexual contact should lead to high levels of aggressive behaviour in prisons
- However, Hensley et al > studied male & female inmates of 2 prions in Mississippi which allow conjugal visits (visits from partners to have sex)
- Found no link between involvement in these visits & reduced aggressive behaviour
- situational factors do not substantially affect prison violence > decrease external validity