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DIRT > Insolation & temp - chap 4 > Flashcards

Insolation & temp - chap 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What drives atmosphere + weather/climate

A

unequal warming of Earth by SUN
Sun = ultimate source of energy –> nuclear fusion

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2
Q

Type of energy sun provides

A

electromagnetic radiation (radiant energy)

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3
Q

Inverse Square Law

A

Energy decreases with distance SO twice distance means 1/4 energy
Earth only receives tiny portion of total solar energy BUT 1 minute of solar radiation hitting earth = humanity’s yearly energy usage

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4
Q

Types of EM radiation

A

1) Visible: .4-.7 micrometers, 47% solar radiation = visible (ROYGBIV)
2) UV: .01-.5 micrometers, 8% solar radiation, most absorbed in ozone layer
3) .7 to 1000 micrometers, Sun emits near infrared (short waves), Earth emits thermal infrared (long waves)

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5
Q

diff between shortwave and terrestrial radiation

A

shortwave - visible, UV, IR, emitted by Sun (more energy = more damage)
terrestrial - only thermal infrared, referred to as LONGwave

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6
Q

ten basic heating and cooling processes

A

1) radiation
2) absorption
3) reflection
4) scattering
5) transmission
6) conduction
7) convection
8) advection
9) adiabatic cooling and warming
10) latent heat

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7
Q

Radiation/emission

A

process by which electromagnetic energy emitted from object
- hotter object = more intense radiation + shorter wavelengths
all objects emit radiation

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8
Q

blackbody radiator

A

body emits maximum possible amount of radiation at all wavelengths i.e. sun/Earth
atmosphere NOT blackbody

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9
Q

Absorption

A

EM waves assimilated into object (absorbed)
- EM waves force electrons/molecules to vibrate more –> increase in internal energy –> increase in temp
good radiators = good absorbers, vice versa
darker object = better absorber

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10
Q

Reflection

A

bounce back electromagnetic waves
deflects back to space at same angle + initial wavelength

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11
Q

albedo

A

reflectivity of object/surface as %

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12
Q

Scattering

A

Deflection + redirection of light waves caused by gas molecules/particulate matter (only changes direction NOT wavelength of energy)
shorter wavelength –> more readily scattered

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13
Q

Rayleigh vs Mie scattering

A

Rayleigh –> blue/violet scattered most –> why sky blue
Mie –> when lots of suspended aerosols in sky –> even scattering of wavelengths –> sky gray

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14
Q

Transmission

A

Electromagnetic waves pass completely through medium
*objects vary in how much they transmit (opaque –> less, clear –> more) BUT also in what types of radiation they transmit
ex: glass readily allows shortwave radiation to enter, not longwave to exit so cars get hotter

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15
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

atmosphere transmits incoming SHORTWAVE radiation from sun but greenhouse gases do not let LONGWAVE TERRESTRIAL radiation transmit out (often re-radiate longwave back to Earth surface –> warms it up)
Keeps troposphere warm –> important for life

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16
Q

Conduction

A

transfer of heat by contact
- hot molecule agitates cool molecule, increasing its movement + energy; this keeps getting passed along
better conductors - get warmer (conduct heat) faster

17
Q

Convection

A

energy transfer from one point to another by vertical circulation of fluids (air/water)
updrafts/downdrafts = example of convection cell

18
Q

Difference btwn convection + conduction

A

convection - molecules move from one place to another
conduction - molecules vibrate back + forth –> collisions

19
Q

advection

A

advection = movement of fluid horizontally
/_/
/ = convection
_ = advection

20
Q

adiabatic cooling

A

AIR RISING
cooling by expansion
- when air rises, it spreads out + average kinetic energy reduced –> temp decreases

21
Q

adiabatic warming

A

AIR DESCENDING
air descends –> becomes warmer
- descends –> air is compressed –> work done from compression INCREASES average kinetic energy –> temp rises

22
Q

latent heat

A

phase change involving energy exchange
mainly condensation + evaporation

  • evaporation: heat absorbed, surroundings cooler
  • condensation: heat released, surrounding warmer
23
Q

Global Energy budget

A

annual balance btwn incoming + outgoing radiation

24
Q

Why is there unequal warming by latitude

A

1) variations in angle of incidence
2) effect of atmosphere on radiation reaching earth
3) variations in day length

25
Q

angle of incidence

A

PRIMARY factor determining solar radiation intensity
- more perpendicular –> more heating (hits smaller area, goes through less atmosphere)
high latitudes = lower insolation than tropics

26
Q

Effect of atmosphere

A

radiation is reflected, absorbed, scattered by atmosphere
radiation reaching Earth’s surface is 1/2 strong as radiation hitting top of atmosphere

DEPENDS ON:
1) amount of atmopshere
2) transparency of air

27
Q

Effect of day length

A

Longer days = more insolation received + more energy absorbed

28
Q

Latitudinal Radiation Balance

A

energy surplus in tropics + energy deficit in high latitudes
net energy = 0 so there is balance

29
Q

Warming of atmosphere

A

REMEMBER: atmosphere is warmed mainly by energy reradiated and transferred from Earth’s surface NOT by energy received directly from sun

30
Q

Why does land warm faster than water

A

1) Specific heat: water’s high specific heat means it requires 5X more energy to increase 1 g by 1 degree than it does for land
2) Transmission: Sun’s rays penetrate water more deeply -> energy is spread out over greater volume in water (more energy spread = slower warming)
3) mobility = convection cells + currents in water mix warm + cool water, increasing time it takes to heat it up
4) evaporative cooling = more evaporation over water than over land = latent heat is constantly lost

31
Q

Why does water cool slower?

A

pretty much for same reasons it heats slower
1) high specirfic heat
2) energy stored deeply + brought to surface slowly by radiation
3) cooling surface water continually replaced by warmer water (convection cells)

32
Q

effect of land/water relationship

A

major difference between maritime climates + regions far away from water
coastal areas = more mild + smaller temp range

DIRT (13 decks)

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