Inquiries, Investigation & Immersion Flashcards
It is just any other task that we do. It is like a celebration or a party that in order to be meaningful and successful, serious planning and careful execution are necessary.
Research
A contributor to Ezine articles offers five (5) things worth considering when doing a research work.
Moore (2009)
The success rate of your research work is equal to the level of your interest and drive to do such a research.
Never choose a topic that is out of personal interest.
It always easier to do something that you really like to
do and be engaged with. Do not let yourself in the situation of losing that high level of enthusiasm towards your own research.
Never choose a topic that is out of personal interest.
Less is more. Sometimes, you would think that having so
much to say when it comes to research is an advantage.
Never use needless words.
However, we have to realize that the longer or the wordy our sentences become, the more they appear less relevant and needless to be listened to or read.
Never use needless words.
Establishing that sense of focus on your research
paper is one of the most important characteristics that you should always
observe. Clattering ideas will not make your paper enticing.
Keep thoughts intact.
Feedback from others especially of a more knowledgeable others is always good to hear. It widens our understanding and opens higher chances of making the research better!
Always consult the opinion of other people.
Collaboration and teamwork do not only make the task lighter, but rather more successful !
Always consult the opinion of other people.
It may contain details about the topic that you intend to do, its importance or significance, the steps that you have already done, and the next actions that youare going to do in order to meet your targets or until you have answered your research questions.
Research Plan
A document that includes preliminary and basic information about the research work that you would like to do.
Research Plan
Technically, this is not a research proposal yet but more likely
a concept paper.
Research Plan
This part of the research plan contains your basic information.
Basic Information
Short presentation of basic concepts and information about the research topic shall be presented in this section.
Background
It would be beneficial to include the following information
A. Complete Name
B. Learner Reference Number (LRN)
C. School and Address
D. Track and Strand
E. Complete Home Address
F. Background
Cite also your motivation for the topic and the reasons and importance of
your study.
Background
Cite in this section the long term and short term objectives or targets of your research work. Indicate also whether you are using quantitative, qualitative, or mixed method of research.
Objectives and Methods
Failure is normal. It is okay to fail at times in order for us to realize what we have to do.
Don’t let failure distract you
Failure is an opportunity to
recreate and refine our research work at its best. Do not be afraid to fail.
Don’t let failure distract you.
Through an illustrative illustrations or diagrams, show the variables or concepts that are involved in your paper. Show the connections and
relationship and role of these important constructs in achieving the results of the study.
Working Framework
This is commonly used framework in study
The Input-Process-Output Model
However, feel free to execute your creativity and ideas in crafting the framework for your paper.
Working Framework
This part contains the expected outcome of the study.
Assumptions
What results do you anticipate? It is better that you construct positive results regarding
the research that you plan to undertake.
Assumptions
This can be in numbered form, bulleted, or in a paragraph or two.
Assumptions
You may have heard about Gantt Chart of activities.
Timetable
This section contains the same concept but in simplified and detailed format in order for you to plan things out even more systematically and productively.
Timetable
It guides you to be able to work on important activities necessary
for you to complete your research.
Timetable
Present here the references that you used in the formulation of the research plan.
List of References
is an opportunity to recreate and refine our research work at its best.
Failure
Give the five (5) things worth considering when doing a research work.
- Never choose a topic that is out of personal interest
- Never use needless words.
- Keep thoughts intact
- Don’t let failure distract you
- Always consult the opinion of other people
Give the parts of research plan.
- Basic Information
- Background
- Objectives and methods
- Working Framework
- Assumptions
- Timetable
- List of references
A recurring difficulty that is necessary to be taken out of the situation, or a practical question from a scholarly inquiry in different disciplines.
Research Problem
A statement of a concern in any area, a problem that
needs immediate solution,
Research Problem
This refers to the quality of being exact or particular.
Specific
Research problem statement should be able to communicate the specific inquiry or question that needs to be answered.
Specific
It refers to its epistemological
aspect or the state of being objectively observable. More than that, instruments of data-gathering should be present.
Measurable
After refining your research interest, you will be able to have a
Premilinary topic
The random words that you have written on your notepad are your
personal interest
These are the topics or subjects that first inspires your
interest.
Personal interest
These are the concepts and constructs that your mind has which will serve as the baseline of your formal research topic.
Personal Interest
Choose and encircle only ______ from the random words that appear to be relevant, timely and interesting for you.
three
It pertains to personal interests that has been screened and chosen by means of its meaning,
coverage, relevance and focus.
Research Interest
This topic is already researchable, but should still be narrowed where gaps
will arise.
Premilinary topic
What are the information you can see on timetable ?
- Date
- Objectives
- Persons Involved
- Resources Needed
- Output
Chronological Order of Research Plan
Initial Research Topic :
I. Basic Information
A. Complete Name
B. LRN
C. School and Address
D. Track and Strand
E. Complete Home Address
2. Background
3. Objectives and Methods
4. Working Framework
5. Assumptions
6. Timetable
7. List of References
They created specified general guidelines in formulating the general problem and the specific sub-problems or specific
questions.
Calderon and Gonzales (2014)
Calderon and Gonzales (2014) specified general guidelines in
formulating the general problem and the specific sub-problems or specific questions.
- The general statement and specific sub-questions should be formulated before carrying out actions in the conduct of the research work.
- State the specific sub-problems in interrogative form.
- The specific question should bear only one clear meaning.
- Every question should not be dependent apart from other questions that is requiring answers afar from other questions.
- It must be based on facts and phenomena.
- The answers to each specific question should be contributory to the
development of the general problem statement.
The following are the four types of research questions in terms of their purpose according to
Clemente, Julaton, & Orleans (2016)
The major concern of these questions is to
categorize, label, or name factors and situations that exist or those that are
present in the perimeter of the research work.
Factor-isolating Questions
• What are the difficulties encountered by Senior High School learners in the New Normal set-up of educational system in the country?
• What are the possible contribution that parents and the
community can extend to schools to overcome the difficulties encountered by Senior High School learners in the New Normal educational system?
Factor-isolating Questions
Establishing relationships between and among factors that have been identified is the purpose of these question.
Factor-relating questions.
• What relationship exists between the socio-economic status of family to the learning ability of students?
• Is there a significant relationship between the choice of words of learners in essay writing and the speaking skills of learners?
Factor-relating questions
These questions emphasize the observable changes that happen to variable/s involved in the study as a result of experimentation.
Situation-relating questions.
What is the effect of the modular distance learning to the learning style and behavior of learners?
What are the impacts of flexible learning options and modalities in the educational system in the Philippines?
Situation-relating questions.
These questions open the opportunity to create a definite course of action, policies or conditions in order to accomplish or to achieve a certain goal.
Situation-producing questions
It refers to a collection of written work with a heightened and artistic use of words may it be fiction or nonfiction.
Literature in operational definition
This terminology refers to published information in a particular subject area which sometimes covers a certain period of time.
Literature in conceptual definition
What project could be designed to empower parents and the community to be involved in the educational system?
What action plan could be proposed to strengthen the
coordination between the family, the community and the school
in achieving relevant education?
Situation - producing questions
The research questions should be easily answered or achieved when the appropriate procedures are performed.
Attainable
The possibility of being carried out should always be
observed in formulating the research problem especially when there is
a need for experimentations and observations.
Realistic
The research questions should be narrowed enough to be attained within the set time frame.
Time - Bound
This characteristic pertains to maximizing the capacity and abilities of the researcher to solve the research problem.
Attainable
This is attributed to the use of instruments in order to gather
quantifiable or observable data.
Measurable
A research problem should be bound to what exist in the norm and practicality in terms of the conduct of experimentations.
Realistic
This quality of a research problem concerns the possibility of being carried out in a given or target timeline.
Time - bound
This refers to the quality of a research question that is being clearly stated or identified.
Specific
What appropriate learning strategy or technique could be used to maintain efficient learning at home?
Situation - producing questions
What is the effect of the changes in the communities due to COVID-19 pandemic?
Situation - relating questions
What is the relationship between the social distancing and flattening the curve?
Factor - relating questions
What are the factors contributing to increased of participation of parents in disaster risk reduction and management?
Factor - isolating questions
Is there a significant difference between the level of optimism of people in the depressed areas before, during and after pandemic?
Factor - relating questions
What can be the detrimental health effects of wearing facemask 8 hours straight?
Situation - relating questions
What innovative devices/equipment can be developed as alternative protective device to against contagious diseases?
Situation - producing questions
What platform is mostly used by learners and teachers in communication during pandemic?
Factor - isolating questions
What are the positive impacts of the pandemic to the health and
medical community?
Situation - relating questions
A research topic is more likely
to become “researchable” if it is
a determined ___________
research gap
Examples of General References
- books
- monographs
- conference manuals
- research articles
- professional journals and similar documents
Examples of Primary Sources
academic research and
university research journals and
reputable organizations
Examples of Secondary Sources
articles, analyses, essays, newspaper, single or multiple
authored textbooks
Examples of Tertiary Sources
books based on secondary
sources that interprets the work of others.
To review various references to
survey theories and concepts
about your research interest.
One of the major tasks of a researcher
Why you need to review various references to survey theories and concepts about your research interest ?
This will give you a better perspective of your research topic and eventually identify the research gap.
4 Characteristics of Materials
to be Cited
- Recency
- Objectivity
- Relevance
- Conciseness
The materials that should be included in the review should be recent as much as possible.
Recency
For general references and published materials, how many years are/is valid ?
10 years
For primary,secondary and tertiary references within the last _____ _____ are ideal.
five years
Since research is academic and
scholarly, the materials should
be fair, objective and bias-free.
It should not favor any extreme
and obvious vested interest aside from delivering facts, information, and findings.
Objectivity
Before citing it, it should bear essential information to clarify and deepen the issues and concepts of the research being conducted. Otherwise, the material should not be considered for the review.
Relevance
The materials that the review should have must be sufficient enough, not too few and not too many, to provide the researcher and the readers strong insight
about the general and specific
problems that the research is
trying to address or answer.
Conciseness
The number of related
literature that a review should have for a senior high school research is only __ __ __ local and
international publications or
materials.
4 to 6
In higher education, graduate and post- graduate level, the number of literature will range from ___ to __.
15 to 50
This approach in organizing the review puts emphasis on the
timeline of development or the year the materials were written. In this case, the intention is to show how changes about the topic occurred from its
emergence. This also presents the evolving mindset and thinking of the
authors. Mostly, this approach is used in qualitative researches.
Chronological
In this case, if many or several authors have a comparable opinion about the same topic or issue, it is appropriate to use this approach. This manner of organizing the review highlights the interrelationship of concepts which support the development of the current study.
By Topic/Concept.
To build credibility, each point of view of every author is explained and expound to back up the main idea being presented in the review. Each author is cited in the footnote.
By Author/Writer.
It is found out that the use of music in teaching mathematics
has a significant effect in the motivation of learners which contributed to their increased numeracy skills (Gonzales, 2016; Fernandez, 2013; Dionisio, 2012) .
By Topic/ Concept
Clemente, Julaton, and Orleans (2016) stress that research
suggests an action that denotes to look for something again. It is taken from the composition of the word “re” and “search.”
Calderon and Gonzales (2014) reiterates that research is a
purposive, systematic and scientific process of discovering truth. Thus, it entails systematic gathering of data to formulate findings and judgment.
By Author/Writer
It is claiming and copying a portion of
someone’s written work. This act is never tolerated even in schools and universities and violators are subject to failure in the subject or the
worse are expelled.
Plagiarism
known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines “protects and secures the
exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people.”
Republic Act 8293
The possibility of being carried out should always be observed especially when there is a need for experimentations and observations.
Realistic
This is also covered in Republic Act No. 8293 or the “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.” It differs from plagiarism as it may pertain to the breach of contract between the authors and the publishers about the coverage or scope of circulation and distribution of the original work.
Copyright
are a set of principles that guide your research designs and practices that adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from people
Ethical considerations in research
The most commonly used format in citing references. This
provides the author’s surname and year of publication in the citation with a complete details in the bibliography of the research. The page number is not
included in the in-text citation.
APA format
If the quote is under 40 words, place it in
double quotation
If the quote is 40 words or more, format it as a block quote indented with
1/2 inch margin
In APA, ______ and ______ for the source should appear in the text.
author’s last name and year of publication
In APA, ______ and ______ for the source should appear in the text.
author’s last name and year of publicatiob
The list of references should arranged
alphabetically by author’s surname or last name
Human beings have been described by Burke (2024) as “symbol-using animals”.
Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke, 2024).
APA format
The format commonly used in liberal arts and humanities such as English, Literature, Arts, and Philosophy research work. This style involves putting relevant source information in parentheses after the quote or paraphrase.
MLA Style
Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).
Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).
MLA Format
Burke, Kenneth.Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method.
University of California Press, 1966.
MLA format
Burke, K. (2024).Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method.
Retrieved March 20, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/in-text-citation/
APA format
Generally used in History, Business and Fine Arts. It has two basic referencing system, such as notes and bibliography and author-date.
Chigaco Manual of Style
It provides context to the information throughout the research process.
Background of the Study
It is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts.
Conceptual Framework
Provide evidence of academic standards and procedure.
Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework
Relevance of the study and importance of resolving the problem.
Significance of the study
These are the sections where you define the broader parameters and boundaries of your research.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Summarizes or synthesizes, the major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence.
Abstract
Statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested in the study of both alternative and null.
Hypothesis
is a collaborative and adaptive research
design that focuses on socially and solution-driven outcomes. It has
the potential to increase learning from experience. It is mostly is applicable in the teaching-learning process.
Action Research
It is the process of structuring techniques and strategies
that help researchers solve their problems or answer their questions (Clemente,
Julaton & Orleans, 2016).
Research Design
This design is widely used by social scientists since it aims to examine contemporary situations that are happening in
real life. This design can provide the bases for the application of concepts and theories as well as detailed descriptions of unusual cases.
Case Study Design
This design is commonly used to measure the impact of a particular change on existing situation or norm. Typically, _______ explanations are sought to reflect on hypotheses testing. This effect happens when difference in a phenomenon leads to significant results.
Causal Design
These are capable of using data from a large number of subjects as it primarily use survey
techniques to gather data. This design can only measure differences between or from among a diverse set of participants, subjects, or
phenomena.
Cross - sectional design
This designs answers the questions who, what,
when, where, and how of a research problem. However, it is could not provide reasons or exact answers to the question “why”. It only intends to describe “what exists” in a situation and its related variables.
Descriptive Design
This design involves an experimental group and
a control group wherein the independent variable is applied to the experimental group while maintaining the control group. Later, both groups are measured on the same target dependent variable. It may require the use of more groups and measurements over periods of time to validate the results.
Experimental Design
Primarily, this design is fitted to a research problem that is not yet saturated or with only a few or totally no investigations or investigations have been conducted for. This is often
administered to understand the processes in order to proceed in deeper studying of an issue. This may also deal with discovering the best methodology to use in gathering information.
Exploratory Design
Collecting, verifying, and synthesizing evidences
from the significant past are the aim of this research design. This is
bound towards establish factual bases to defend, challenge or nullify a
certain existing knowledge. It mainly involves data from secondary
sources and also primary documents and artifacts, such as but not limited to records, materials, archives and visual artifacts like maps, images, and footages or recordings.
Historical Design
This design is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Its is advantageous in the sense that the strengths of one method can be used to fulfill the weaknesses of another. Mixed-method design can provide sufficient evidences to support a conclusion or set of recommendations since it deals with statistical data and insights from patterns and relationships of the involved variables.
Mixed - Method Design
In the research manuscript, the ________ _________ is expressed in coherent and logical section. It is also explained supported with details referring to it appropriateness with the research topic and problems and the processes in order to validate, so that the research will not be interrupted for any reason that may cause conflicts in the attainment of the objectives of the research.
Research Design
is the entire group of people, organisms or things that
share similar features and characteristics which are of high relevance to the research being conducted. In an action research being conducted in a particular school, all students can be considered the ________.
Population
It refers to members of a certain population
Sample
It is a
representation of the entire population carrying the same characteristics.
Sample
Taking the enrolled learners in a particular school as population, two sections or classes in that school may serve as
sample
The process of selecting the samples is called
Sampling
It pertains to the specific manner or ways of selecting the sample.
Sampling Technique
