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BIOL 354 > Inorganics > Flashcards

Inorganics Flashcards

1
Q

Metals

A

Elements, cannot be created or destroyed on Earth, makes up earth’s crust

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2
Q

Metal speciation

A

the form(s) taken by an element in an environment sample

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3
Q

Metals in solutions

A

May exist as “free metal ions” or metal ligand complexes where the ligand may be inorganic or organic

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4
Q

Heavy metals

A

Old classification, heavier than iron

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5
Q

Arsenic

A

Occurs in minerals associated with sulphur, but can exist as pure crystal element

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6
Q

Bradford Sweets Poisoning

A

Arsenic trioxide was purchased instead of daff (gypsum) and made into humbug candy

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7
Q

Natural sources of arsenic

A

weathering, volcanic activity

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8
Q

Anthropogenic sources of arsenic

A

pesticides, herbicides, byproduct of smelting gold, lead, cobalt and nickel

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9
Q

Bangladesh Arsenic poisoning

A

most people live within seas level, tubewells used to avoid organic contaminates in the delta, but waster has high levels of arsenic

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10
Q

What are the effects of prolonged arsenic poisoning?

A

Skin legions, nerve damage, increased cancer risk, aresnicosis

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11
Q

What is Na+ important for?

A

Osmoregulation

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12
Q

What is K+ important for?

A

Membrane potential

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13
Q

What is Ca2+ important for?

A

Various functions, eg. Muscle contractions

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14
Q

Why do metals persist in the environment

A

They are not biodegradable

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15
Q

Class A Metals

A

Oxygen seeking, complex with O>N>S

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16
Q

What class is aluminum?

A

Class A

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17
Q

Camelford water pollution incident

A

Twenty tonnes of aluminum sulphate accidentally dumped in water supply, neural damage, premature aging, aluminum “ring” in bone bipsy

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18
Q

What class is iron?

A

Class A

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19
Q

Iron

A

Acute toxicity from over ingestion, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, weak pulse

20
Q

What class is lithium?

A

Class A

21
Q

Lithium

A

Toxicity from over ingestion or reduced excretion, “low-sodium” diets, cases tremors

22
Q

What class is barium?

A

Class A

23
Q

Barium

A

Acute toxicity from ingestion, shuts down passive efflux of K form cells, muscle paralysis, cardiac arrhythmmia, hypokalemia

24
Q

What are intermediate class metals?

A

Between class a and b metals

25
Q

What kinds of bonds does class A metals tend to form?

A

Hard ionic bonds

26
Q

What kinds of bonds does class B metals tend to form?

A

Softer covalent bonds

27
Q

What class of metal is Nickel?

A

Intermediate metal

28
Q

Nickel

A

Used in Ni-Cd batteries and as an alloy, toxic and carcinogenic, vomiting, vertigo, tachycardia, cardiac arrest, shortness of breath, “giddiness”, pulmonary or nasal cancers

29
Q

What class of metal is lead?

A

Intermediate metal

30
Q

Lead

A

Used in solder, pipping, ammunition, gasoline, paint, affects neural development, hypertension, anaemia, renal impairment, immunotoxicity

31
Q

Class b metals

A

Complex with S>N»O, sulphur or nitrogen seeking

32
Q

What molecules do class b metals target?

A

Amino acids, proteins, free nucleotides

33
Q

What class of metal is cadmium?

A

Class B

34
Q

Cadmium

A

Metal alloy production, electroplating, galvanizing, generates ROS (reactive oxygen species), affects DNA repair, mutations/chromosomal breakages

35
Q

What was the Itai-itai disease caused by?

A

Cadmium

36
Q

What are anthropogenic courses of metal polluion

A

Industry, urban waste, agriculture, ash/cinders, paints, marine boats, lumber, tannery

37
Q

Organometals

A

More likely to enter organisms, tend to be more toxic than their parent metals

38
Q

Tributyl tin (TBT)

A

antifouling compound, used in water environments, prevents build up on bottom of boats

39
Q

Tetraethyl lead

A

Used in gasoline, anti-knock compound, most Pb in city dust believed to come from leaded gasoline

40
Q

Methyl mercury

A

Occurs in environment due to biomethylation, mercury has no biological function, neurotoxin, microorganisms trasnfrom inorganic Hg into methyl mercury (aerobic and anaerobic sediment), lipophilic

41
Q

Biomagnification

A

the accumulation of a chemicla in an organism from consumption of lower trophic levels

42
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

the accumulation of a chemical in an organism over its lifetime

43
Q

Ammonia

A

Kills fish, burns plants, two forms ammonia (unionized) NH3, ammonia (ionized) NH4+

44
Q

What are the sources of ammonia

A

landfills, sewage, farms, fertilizer, steel mills, pulp and paper mills

45
Q

Chlorine

A

Highly toxic and reactive, used by industry and for water treatment

46
Q

Cyanide

A

produces large amounts in mining and metals processing, gold mining, effects ATP production in mitochondria

BIOL 354 (7 decks)

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