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A&P After Midterm Saint > Inorganic Compounds And Solutions > Flashcards

Inorganic Compounds And Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

Most chemicals in the body exist as __________

A

Compounds

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2
Q

The main classes of compounds in the body are:

A

inorganic and organic

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3
Q

Describe the characteristics of inorganic compounds

A

structurally simple, only have a few atoms, can’t perform complex biological functions, lack carbon

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4
Q

What are the inorganic compounds that DO contain carbon

A

carbon dioxide and bicarbonate

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5
Q

What type of bonds do inorganic compounds have?

A

May have wither ionic or covalent bonds

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6
Q

What are the inorganic compounds in the body?

A

water, acids, bases, salts

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7
Q

How much of the body’s mass does water make up?

A

55%-60%

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8
Q

What is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems on Earth?

A

water

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9
Q

What medium do nearly all body’s chemical reactions occur?

A

water

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10
Q

What is water’s most important property?

A

the polarity of the covalent bonds in a water molecule

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11
Q

What is water a good solvent for?

A

other ionic or polar substance

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12
Q

What fluids in the body is water a major part of?

A

mucus, serous fluid, synovial fluid, body secretion

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13
Q

What are hydrophilic compounds?

A

solutes that contain polar covalent bonds, dissolve easily in water

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14
Q

What are hydrophobic compounds?

A

solutes that contain non-polar covalent bonds are not very water-soluble

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15
Q

What does water enable dissolved reactants to do?

A

collide to form products

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16
Q

Is water typically a reactant or product in a chemical reaction?

A

can be a reactant or a product in a chemical reaction

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17
Q

How does water help eliminate waste products in the body?

A

dissolves waste products to be eliminated in urine

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18
Q

What hydrolysis?

A

water added to large nutrient molecules to break them down into smaller molecules

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19
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

two smaller molecules join to form a larger one, water is removed

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20
Q

True or false: water does not have a high heat capacity

A

false: water does have a high heat capacity

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21
Q

How does absorbing or releasing heat affect the temperature of the water?

A

can absorb or release a large amount of hear with a modest change to its own temperature

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22
Q

What does water do with the heat energy it absorbs?

A

used to break its abundant hydrogen bonds first, leaving less energy to increase the temperature of the water

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23
Q

True or false: water does not require a large amount of heat to vaporize

A

false: water does require a large amount of heat to vaporize

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24
Q

How does sweat cool down the body?

A

sweat evaporates off skin removing heat

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25
Q

What is a mixture?

A

combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds

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26
Q

Give an example of a mixture

A

air is a mixture of gases

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27
Q

What is a solution?

A

A solvent dissolves another substance called a

solute.

28
Q

Is there usually more solvent or solute?

A

• Usually, there is more solvent than solute.

29
Q

How are solutes dispersed in a solution?

A

Solutes remain evenly dispersed among the

solvent molecules in a solution

30
Q

Do solutes settle out in a solution?

A

Solutes do not settle out and accumulate in the

bottom.

31
Q

How do colloids differ from solutions?

A

Differ from solutions mainly on the basis of
the greater molecular size of the solute
Solutes do not settle out either in a colloid

32
Q

Do solutes settle out in colloid?

A

Solutes do not settle out either in a colloid

33
Q

How is milk a colloid and a solution?

A
  • Large proteins make a colloid

* The calcium, lactose and ions in it make a solution

34
Q

What is suspension? Give an example of a suspension

A

The suspended material is mixed with the
suspending medium for some time.
But eventually, it will settle out.
Blood is an example of a suspension

35
Q

Do solutes settle out in suspension?

A

Yes

36
Q

When measuring a concentration of a solution what is the percentage referring to?

A

Measures the mass of a solute per 100mL of a solution

37
Q

To make a 15% concentrated solution what do you do?

A

On 15 g of a solute, add enough solvent until completing 100mL of solution

38
Q

What is molarity?

A

Measures Moles of solute per liter (mol/L) of

solution

39
Q

What equals one mole?

A

The amount (in grams) of any substance that has
a mass equal to the combined atomic masses of
all its atoms.

40
Q

What is the Avogadro’s number?

A

One mole of any substance contains the same
number of particles:
6.023 X 1023 units/mole

41
Q

What is dissociation?

A

When inorganic salts, acids, or bases
dissolve in water, they separate into ions
and become surrounded by water

42
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

The hydrated ions from dissociation are

called electrolytes

43
Q

What are the main electrolytes in the body?

A

Sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, and magnesium are all electrolytes.

44
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance that dissociates into:

  1. One or more hydrogen ions H+
  2. One or more anions
45
Q

What is a base?

A

A substance that dissociates into:

  1. One or more hydroxide ions OH-
  2. One or more cations
46
Q

What is a salt?

A

A substance that dissociates into:

  1. Cations and Anions
  2. Neither of which is H+ or OH-
47
Q

What forms salts?

A

Acids and bases react with one another to

form salts

48
Q

To ensure homeostasis intracellular and extracellular fluids must contain what?

A 
To ensure homeostasis,
intracellular and extracellular
fluids must contain almost
balanced quantities of acids and
bases
49
Q

What small change can affect chemical reactions?

A

Any departure from the narrow limits of
normal H+ or OH- concentrations greatly
disrupts body functions.

50
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

A solution’s acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the

pH scale from 0 to 14

51
Q

What point on the pH scale expresses where the concentration of H+ and OH- are equal?

A

The midpoint of the scale is 7, where the

concentration of H+ and OH- are equal.

52
Q

What pH is distilled water?

A

This is only the case of distilled water and this is

considered to be neutral. #7 on the pH scale

53
Q

What is an acidic solution?

A

A solution that has more H+ than OH- is an acidic solution and has a pH below 7.

54
Q

What is a basic (alkaline) solution?

A

A solution that has more OH- than H+ is a basic (alkaline) solution and has a pH above 7.

55
Q

What happens to the pH of fluids inside and outside calls when strong acids and bases are taken into/formed by the body?

A

The pH of fluids inside and outside the cells remains almost constant, even though strong
acids and bases are continuously taken into and
formed by the body

56
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

pH of the blood between

7.35 and 7.45

57
Q

What are buffer systems?

A

Their function is to convert strong acids or

bases into weak acids or bases.

58
Q

How do strong acids and bases change the pH of a solution?

A

Ionize easily and contribute many H+ (or OH-) to the

solution changing drastically the pH

59
Q

Do weak acids and bases have the same effect on a solution as strong acids and bases?

A 
Weak acids (or bases) do not ionize as much and
contribute fewer H+ (or OH-) having less effect on the pH
60
Q

Under most circumstances, the body runs on a surplus of H+ or OH-?

A

H+

61
Q

The removal of excessive H+ depends on what?

A

The removal of the excessive H+ in the body
depends on three major mechanisms:
1. Buffer systems
• Temporary

  1. Exhalation of CO2
    • Increasing the rate and depth of breathing
  2. Kidney excretion of H+
    • The slowest but most effective and
    permanent
62
Q

What is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

A 
• Carbonic acid (H2CO3) can act as a weak acid and
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) can act as a weak base.
• This buffer system compensates for either an excess or shortage of H+
63
Q

What is the most abundant buffer system in the body?

A

Proteins Buffer System:
• The most abundant buffer system in the body
• Hemoglobin in the RBCs is the most important

64
Q

What buffer system is important in intracellular fluid and urine?

A

Phosphates Buffer System:

• Important in the intracellular fluid and urine

65
Q

How does the body eliminate excess H+ permanently?

A

Permanent elimination from the body by the kidney

function

A&P After Midterm Saint (8 decks)

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