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A&P After Midterm Saint > Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

Cell Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: somatic and reproductive cells reproduce differently

A

true

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2
Q

What is generated during somatic cell division?

A

two genetically identical cells

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3
Q

How many chromosomes does a somatic cell have?

A

46

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4
Q

What is the division of the nucleus in somatic cell division called?

A

mitosis

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5
Q

What is generated during reproductive cell division?

A

produces gametes (sperm and egg), 4 non genetically identical cells

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6
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23

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7
Q

What is the division of the nucleus in reproductive cell division called?

A

meiosis

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8
Q

What is the division of the cytoplasm called?

A

cytokinesis

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9
Q

What are somatic cells that contain 23 pairs of chromosomes called?

A

diploid (2n) cells

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10
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

the two chromosomes of the pair, they look very similar

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11
Q

What is different about sex chromosomes?

A

designated X (large), Y (small)

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12
Q

What is a female sex chromosome?

A

XX

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13
Q

What is a male sex chromosome?

A

XY

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14
Q

What does a somatic cell go through in its life cycle?

A

interphase and mitotic (m) phase

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15
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

conventionally the interphase and mitotic phase of a somatic cell can be fit into a 24 hr cycle

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16
Q

What is G0 phase of interphase?

A

cells stay in G1 phase for a long time and may not reproduce, the exit cycle and stay in G0 phase

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17
Q

Give examples of body cells arrested in the G0 phase

A

skeletal muscle cell, neurons

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18
Q

What are chromatids?

A

the chromosomes during the mitotic prophase become visible as a pair of identical strands

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19
Q

What is a centromere?

A

it holds the chromatid pair together

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20
Q

When do the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus disappear during mitosis?

A

later in prophase

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21
Q

During metaphase what is aligns the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the centre of the cell?

A

mitotic spindle

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22
Q

What is the visible alignment of the chromatid pairs in the middle of the cell during metaphase called?

A

metaphase plate

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23
Q

What is the main thing that happens in anaphase?

A

The chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell dragged from the centromeres by the spindle, so they appear V-shaped

24
Q

When does mitotic telophase begin?

A

Begins after the chromosomal movement stops

25
Q

When does mitotic telophase stop?

A

Ends when cytokinesis is completed

26
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Begins in late anaphase forming the cleavage furrow

27
Q

What is a cleavage furrow?

A

A contractile ring pulls the plasma membrane inward

28
Q

What begins once cytokinesis is completed?

A

When cytokinesis is completed, interphase begins

29
Q

What is the nuclear division of reproductive cells called?

A

The nuclear division is called meiosis, where the number of chromosomes is reduced by half

30
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes contain?

A

Gametes contain a single set of 23 chromosomes

31
Q

What types of cells are gametes?

A

Gametes are haploid (n) cells

32
Q

When does Meiosis I begin?

A

Begins after the chromosomal replication is completed

33
Q

How does prophase I differ from mitotic prophase?

A

The Prophase I (is an extended phase)

34
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

Two sisters chromatids of each homologous chromosome pair off and form a tetrad (four chromatids)

35
Q

what does crossing over result in?

A

Parts of the chromatids within the tetrads may be exchanged with one another in the process called crossing-over.
• This results in a genetic recombination

36
Q

When do tetrads line up along the metaphase plate?

A

Metaphase I

37
Q

What happens during anaphase I?

A

The members of each homologues pair separate and are pulled to the opposite poles of the cell

The paired chromatids do not split, they remain together in this phase

38
Q

Each resulting cell of Meiosis I has _______(_) number of chromosomes

A

Each resulting cell of Meiosis I has haploid (n) number of chromosomes

39
Q

True or false: after meiosis I each cell contains only one member of each pair of the homologous chromosomes present in the starting cell

A

True

40
Q

True or false: meiosis II is similar to mitosis

A

True

41
Q

What is the net result of meiosis II?

A

The net result of Meiosis II will be four haploid cells genetically different from the starting diploid cell

42
Q

What are the three possible destinies of cells?

A
  1. Remain alive and functional without dividing
  2. Grow and divide
  3. Die
43
Q

What keeps the balance between cell proliferation and cell death?

A

Homeostasis keeps a balance between cell proliferation and cell death

44
Q

What within a cell can activate a protein for functioning?

A

The enzymes cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdk’s) within the cell can activate a protein for functioning

45
Q

What within a cell can deactivate a protein?

A

Other enzymes can deactivate a protein

46
Q

What is the activation of Cdk’s at the appropriate time crucial for?

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Mitosis
  3. Cytokinesis
47
Q

What switches Cdk’s on and off?

A

Cellular proteins call cyclins switch Cdk’s on and off

48
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

normal type of cell death

49
Q

What is necrosis?

A

pathological cell death

50
Q

What is gerontology?

A

Gerontology is the scientific study of the process and problems associated with aging

51
Q

What is geriatrics?

A

Geriatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical problems and care of elderly persons.

52
Q

What is cessation of mitosis?

A

Cessation of mitosis is a normal genetically programmed event
Normal cells divide only for certain number of times and then stop

53
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Telomeres are DNA sequences only found at the tips of the chromosomes
• Protect the chromosomes from erosion and from sticking to one another

54
Q

What happens to telomeres after each cycle?

A

Telomeres shorten after each cell cycle

55
Q

With age why do tissues lose elasticity and stiffen?

A

With age, the immune system may start attacking the body’s cells

A&P After Midterm Saint (8 decks)

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