Cytoplasm Of The Cell Flashcards
What does the cytoplasm contain?
includes all cellular contents except the nucleus
What are the two portions of the cytoplasm?
cytosol and organelles
How much volume of the cell does the cytosol take up?
55%
What are the components of the cytosol?
water (75-90%) and dissolved and suspended components
Where do many metabolic reactions of the cell occur?
in the cytoplasm
Where is the cytoskeleton contained?
in cytosol
What forms the cytoskeleton?
three protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
What do microfilaments include?
actin and myosin
What are the functions of microfilaments?
helps generate movement: muscle contraction, cell division, cell locomotion, providing mechanical support: anchoring cytoskeleton to integral proteins, support for microvilli
Which part of the cytoskeleton contains exceptionally strong filaments?
intermediate filaments
Where are intermediate filaments located?
in parts of the cell subjected to mechanical stress
What are the functions of intermediate filaments?
keep the organelles in position, help attach cells to one another
What part of the cytoskeleton consists of hollow tubes and made of tubulin
microtubules
What are the functions of microtubules?
help to determine cell shape, and movement of organelles, chromosomes, cilia, and flagella
What are organelles?
specialized functional compartments within the cell
The number and types of organelles depend on what?
the functions of the cell
Where is the centrosome located?
near the nucleus
What does the centrosome consist of?
who centrioles, pericentriolar material
What are the functions of the centrosome?
growing of mitotic spindle in reproduction and the formation of microtubules in non-reproducing cells
What are cilia and flagella?
moving projections composed of microtubules
What do cilia do?
move-in coordination on the surface of cells and help sweep foreign particles out
How do flagella differ from cilia?
similar in structure but singular and much longer, moves entire cell and are only present in sperm cells
What are ribosomes?
the site for the synthesis of proteins
What do ribosomes contain?
ribosomal RNA
True or false: all ribosomes in a cell are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
false: some are but there are some free ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What do ribosomes attached to the ER do?
synthesize proteins for organelles, the membrane, or for export
What do free ribosomes do?
synthesize proteins to be used in the cytosol or for other organelles
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
network of flattened sacs and tubules extending from the nuclear envelope
What makes up more than 50% of membranous surfaces in the cell?
ER
What are the two types of ER? How do they differ?
Rough: studded with ribosomes, produces secretory, membrane, and organelle proteins; Smooth: extends from rough ER, not studded, has enzymes for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids, release free glucose, Ca2+
What is the Golgi Complex and what does it do?
a small stack of flattened sacs close to the nucleus that produces secretory products and lysosomes
What organelle do secretory cells have many of?
Golgi complex
Proteins produced by the rough ER are transported to where?
Golgi complex
What are lysosomes
membrane-enclosed vesicles formed in the golgi complex
What pH are the digestive and hydrolytic enzymes at?
pH 5
What are the functions of lysosomes?
digest worn-out organelles, entire cells, contents of endosomes, phagosomes and pinocytic vesicles
What organelle generates most of the ATP? How?
mitochondria through the aerobic glycolysis
What organelle is more abundant in active cells?
mitochondria
What organelle can self replicate, why can they do that?
mitochondria have their own DNA inherited only from the mother
What are peroxisomes?
microbodies containing oxidases
What are the functions of peroxisomes?
eliminate toxic metabolic by-products
Can peroxisomes are proteasomes self replicate?
peroxisomes