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A&P After Midterm Saint > Cytoplasm Of The Cell > Flashcards

Cytoplasm Of The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

includes all cellular contents except the nucleus

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2
Q

What are the two portions of the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol and organelles

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3
Q

How much volume of the cell does the cytosol take up?

A

55%

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4
Q

What are the components of the cytosol?

A

water (75-90%) and dissolved and suspended components

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5
Q

Where do many metabolic reactions of the cell occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

Where is the cytoskeleton contained?

A

in cytosol

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7
Q

What forms the cytoskeleton?

A

three protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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8
Q

What do microfilaments include?

A

actin and myosin

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9
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments?

A

helps generate movement: muscle contraction, cell division, cell locomotion, providing mechanical support: anchoring cytoskeleton to integral proteins, support for microvilli

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10
Q

Which part of the cytoskeleton contains exceptionally strong filaments?

A

intermediate filaments

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11
Q

Where are intermediate filaments located?

A

in parts of the cell subjected to mechanical stress

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12
Q

What are the functions of intermediate filaments?

A

keep the organelles in position, help attach cells to one another

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13
Q

What part of the cytoskeleton consists of hollow tubes and made of tubulin

A

microtubules

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14
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

help to determine cell shape, and movement of organelles, chromosomes, cilia, and flagella

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15
Q

What are organelles?

A

specialized functional compartments within the cell

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16
Q

The number and types of organelles depend on what?

A

the functions of the cell

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17
Q

Where is the centrosome located?

A

near the nucleus

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18
Q

What does the centrosome consist of?

A

who centrioles, pericentriolar material

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19
Q

What are the functions of the centrosome?

A

growing of mitotic spindle in reproduction and the formation of microtubules in non-reproducing cells

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20
Q

What are cilia and flagella?

A

moving projections composed of microtubules

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21
Q

What do cilia do?

A

move-in coordination on the surface of cells and help sweep foreign particles out

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22
Q

How do flagella differ from cilia?

A

similar in structure but singular and much longer, moves entire cell and are only present in sperm cells

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23
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

the site for the synthesis of proteins

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24
Q

What do ribosomes contain?

A

ribosomal RNA

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25
Q

True or false: all ribosomes in a cell are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

A

false: some are but there are some free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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26
Q

What do ribosomes attached to the ER do?

A

synthesize proteins for organelles, the membrane, or for export

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27
Q

What do free ribosomes do?

A

synthesize proteins to be used in the cytosol or for other organelles

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28
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

network of flattened sacs and tubules extending from the nuclear envelope

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29
Q

What makes up more than 50% of membranous surfaces in the cell?

A

ER

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30
Q

What are the two types of ER? How do they differ?

A

Rough: studded with ribosomes, produces secretory, membrane, and organelle proteins; Smooth: extends from rough ER, not studded, has enzymes for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroids, release free glucose, Ca2+

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31
Q

What is the Golgi Complex and what does it do?

A

a small stack of flattened sacs close to the nucleus that produces secretory products and lysosomes

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32
Q

What organelle do secretory cells have many of?

A

Golgi complex

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33
Q

Proteins produced by the rough ER are transported to where?

A

Golgi complex

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34
Q

What are lysosomes

A

membrane-enclosed vesicles formed in the golgi complex

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35
Q

What pH are the digestive and hydrolytic enzymes at?

A

pH 5

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36
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A

digest worn-out organelles, entire cells, contents of endosomes, phagosomes and pinocytic vesicles

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37
Q

What organelle generates most of the ATP? How?

A

mitochondria through the aerobic glycolysis

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38
Q

What organelle is more abundant in active cells?

A

mitochondria

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39
Q

What organelle can self replicate, why can they do that?

A

mitochondria have their own DNA inherited only from the mother

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40
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

microbodies containing oxidases

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41
Q

What are the functions of peroxisomes?

A

eliminate toxic metabolic by-products

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42
Q

Can peroxisomes are proteasomes self replicate?

A

peroxisomes

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43
Q

What are proteasomes?

A 
• Contain enzymes for degrading
unneeded, damaged, or faulty
proteins
• “Cut” proteins into smaller pieces
for other enzymes to break them
down into amino acids
44
Q

What is usually the most prominent feature of the cell?

A

The Nucleus

45
Q

True or false: cells can only have one nucleus

A

Most cells have one, but some more than one, or none

46
Q

What does the nuclear envelope consist of?

A

The nuclear envelope consists of a double membrane

(two lipid-bilayers) with pores

47
Q

True or false: nuclear pores are 10x smaller than the plasma membranes

48
Q

How do small molecules and ions move through nuclear pores?

A

Small molecules and ions move through pores by diffusion

49
Q

How do RNA and proteins pass through nuclear pores?

A

RNA and proteins pass through pores by active transport

50
Q

How many nucleoli does the nucleus usually contain?

A

several nucleoli

51
Q

What are nucleoli?

A

Nucleoli are clusters of proteins, DNA, and RNA not enclosed by a membrane

52
Q

What produces ribosomes?

53
Q

Where in the cell are chromosomes?

A

The Nucleus
Contains the genes aligned in
the chromosomes

54
Q

What makes up a chromosome?

A

Each chromosome is one DNA molecule, coiled with proteins

55
Q

DNA with proteins and some RNA is called what?

A

The DNA with the proteins and some RNA is called the chromatin

56
Q

The total genetic information carried by one cell is called what?

57
Q

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

A

Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent

58
Q

DNA and RNA are chains of what?

A

DNA and RNA are chains of repeating monomers called nucleotides

59
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of?

A
  1. Nitrogenous base
  2. Pentose sugar
  3. Phosphate group
60
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?

A

Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)

61
Q

What is the sugar of DNA

A

Deoxyribose

62
Q

What is the nitrogenous base pairing of DNA?

A

A – T

G – C

63
Q

What are the types of DNA?

A

Nuclear DNA

Mitochondrial DNA

64
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA?

A

Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Uracil (U)

65
Q

What is the sugar of RNA

66
Q

What is the nitrogenous pairing of RNA?

A

A – U

G - C

67
Q

What are the types of RNA

A

mRNA (messenger)
tRNA (transfer)
rRNA (ribosomal)

68
Q

DNA contains detailed plans for what?

A

The DNA contains the detailed plans for each protein the cell needs

69
Q

The primary structure of a protein is determined by what?

A

The primary structure of a protein is determined by

the sequence of amino acids

70
Q

Each amino acid is coded by what?

A

Each amino acid is coded by a three-nitrogenous base sequence in the DNA

71
Q

How many bases at a time are used for protein synthesis?

72
Q

How many amino acids do we need a code for in the body?

A

We only need a code for each of the 20 amino acids in the body!

73
Q

codon CCG codes for what?

A

The codon CCG codes for glycine

74
Q

Condon AGT codes for what?

A

The codon AGT codes for serine

75
Q

Codon AUG codes for methionine?

A

The codon AUG codes for methionine

76
Q

What is the first step in protein synthesis?

A

the first step of protein synthesis and is called

transcription

77
Q

How are RNA molecules made?

A

transcription

78
Q

What does mRNA mean? What does it do?

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA):
• Direct the synthesis of the protein
79
Q

What does rRNA mean? What does it do?

A 
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):
• Joint ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes
80
Q

What does tRNA mean? What does it do?

A 
Transfer RNA (tRNA):
• Binds to one amino acid on one end and holds it in place on a ribosome until incorporated into a protein. On the other end it has an anticodon complementary to the specific codon of the mRNA
81
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

An anticodon is found at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule.

82
Q

How many strands of DNA serves as a template for RNA synthesis?

A

Only one of the two strands of the DNA serves as a template for RNA synthesis

83
Q

What is a promoter?

A

Transcription begins in a special codon of the DNA called promoter, located near the beginning of the gene

84
Q

What is a terminator?

A

Transcription ends in a special codon called terminator, which specifies the end of the gene

85
Q

What are exons?

A

The exons are the parts of the gene that code for parts of a protein

86
Q

What are introns?

A

The introns are between the exons and do not code for any part of the protein

87
Q

True or false: in newly formed mRNA from the transcription process both exons and introns are copied and both are needed

88
Q

What is pre-mRNA?

A

The RNA formed in the transcription process is called the pre-mRNA

89
Q

How is the final functional mRNA formed?

A

The final functional mRNA is formed after enzymes cut out the introns and splice together the exons from the pre-mRNA

90
Q

How do 500k-1mil human proteins come from 30k genes in the human genome?

A

By Alternate Splicing of the mRNA molecules and Chemical Modifications of proteins in the Golgi complex

91
Q

What is alternative splicing of mRNA?

A

Produces many more different mRNAs than available genes in the DNA One gene may code for 10 or more different proteins

92
Q

What is chemical modification?

A

Occurs in the Golgi complex One protein can produce two or more different proteins

93
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Occurs in the ribosomes within the cytoplasm of the cell

94
Q

Where on the ribosomes is the binding site for mRNA?

A

The small subunit of the ribosome has a binding site for the mRNA

95
Q

What are the binding sites for tRNA on the ribosome?

A

• P (peptidyl) site
For tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

• A (aminoacyl) site
For the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added

• E (exit) site
Binds tRNA before releasing

96
Q

What is the peptidyl site on a ribosome for?

A

For tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

97
Q

What is the aminoacyl site for on a ribosome?

A

For the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added

98
Q

What is the exit site for on a ribosome?

A

Binds tRNA before releasing

99
Q

When does translation start?

A

Translation starts when one mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome

100
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG codes for methionine, so this amino acid is always the first in a growing peptide chain

101
Q

What is initiator-tRNA

A

A special tRNA called initiator-tRNA binds to the start codon (AUG) on the mRNA

102
Q

At what rate does translation progress at?

A

15 peptide bonds per second

103
Q

How can several identical proteins be assembled at the same time?

A

As one ribosome attaches and move along the mRNA, another ribosome may attach behind it and begin translation of the same mRNA

104
Q

When does protein synthesis end?

A

Protein synthesis ends when the ribosome reached a stop codon at the A site

105
Q

What are the stop codons?

A
  • UAA
  • UAG
  • UGA
106
Q

What happens when translation reaches one stop codon?

A

The completed protein detaches from the final tRNA

A&P After Midterm Saint (8 decks)

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