Inorganic Chemistry AS Flashcards
Explain the extraction of Titanium
- Conversion to TiCl4 by heating TiO2 (ore) with carbon in a stream of chlorine gas
- Purification of TiCl4 by fractional distillation
- Reduction by reacting TiCl4 with Magnesium at almost 1000°C where:
TiCl4 (g) + 2Mg (l) —-> Ti (s) + 2MgCl2 (s)
Why can’t Titanium be extracted from it’s ore by reaction with carbon?
Titanium reacts with Carbon to form Titanium Carbide (TiC) which is brittle
Does solubility of hydroxides down group 2 increase or decrease?
Increase
Does solubility of sulphates down group 2 increase or decrease
Decrease
Why is the melting point of calcium (below Magnesium in group 2) higher than Magnesium
There is a different crystal structure concerning the arrangement of metal ions in calcium making it require more energy to break.
Trend of melting points across periods
No trend, melting point depends on structure and bonding of elements across a period.
What are flue gases?
Gases emitted from industrial exhausts or chimneys
How is acidic sulfur dioxide (SO2) removed from flue gases?
Wet scrubbing which involves powdered CaO or CaCO3 mixed with water to form a slurry that is sprayed onto flue gas. The reaction of sulfur dioxide with the ALKALINE slurry produces calcium sulfite in the following reactions:
CaO (s) + 2H2O (l) + SO2 (g) –> CaSO3 (s) + 2H2O (l)
CaCO3 (s) + 2H2O (l) + SO2 (g) –> CaSO3 (s) + 2H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
What is a halide?
A compound with a -1 halogen ion
how do halogens and halide solutions react
The halogen displaces the halides from their solutions if the halide is less reactive (below in the periodic table).
Reaction of Chlorine with water to kill bacteria
Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) <=> 2H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + ClO- (aq)
which results in:
Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) <=> HClO(aq) + HCl(aq)
Reaction for making Bleach (Sodium Chlorate I solution)
2NaOH (aq) + Cl2(g) –> NaClO (aq) + NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
2 Risks of chlorine for water treatment
Cl gas irritates the respiratory system and liquid chlorine causes severe chemical burns.
How does reducing power of halides change down the group
Increases
What product does reaction of halides with sulfuric acid give
A hydrogen halide
NaF, NaCl and NaBr reaction with H2SO4 products in order
- NaHSO4 (s) + HF (g)
- NaHSO4 (s) + HCl (g)
- NaHSO4 (s) + HBr (g)
HBr reacts again:
2HBr (aq) + H2SO4 (l) –> Br2 (g) + SO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
How does the rate of formation of an AgX precipitate change as you go down group 7.
Increases (slowest at top, fastest at bottom)
Solubilities of Cl, Br and I in nitric acid
- Dissolves in dilute
- Dissolves in conc.
- Insoluble in conc.
(CLBri)
Why is nitric acid after the silver nitrate test
To distinguish between silver halide precipitates since they have different solubilities in nitric acid.
Reaction of HCl and carbonates and identify how this can be used in ion tests
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(general equation)
CO3 2- (s) + 2H+ (aq) —> CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
CO2 gas produced
reaction to convert NH4 to NH3
NH4+ (aq) + OH-(aq) –> NH3(g) + H2O (l)
