Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxyls, Esters, Acyl Chlorides and Anhydrides Flashcards
Oxidising agent (typically for Aldehydes)
K2Cr2O7 (Potassium dichromate)
Reducing agent (typically for Aldehydes/Ketones)
NaBH4 (Sodium borohydride/Sodium tetrahydridoborate)
Nucleophillic addition of Hydrogen Cyanide conditions + product
KCN, Dilute HCL, not in a laboratory due to toxic CN- ions, Product: Hydroxynitriles
Which compounds primarily undergo nucleophilic addition of Cyanide ions?
Aldehydes and Ketones
Ester uses:
Perfumes, Food flavouring, Solvents, Plasticisers
What is biodiesel composed of?
A mix of methyl esters with long carboxylic acid chains
Conditions for making biodiesel
React vegetable oils with Methanol in the presence of a catalyst
How is soap created?
Hydrolysis of vegetable oils and animal fats by heating with NaOH gives a Sodium salt that is soap
What is a common nucleophillic addition-elimination reaction product for 1. Acyl chlorides 2. Acid anhydrides ?
- HCl 2. Carboxylic acid
What is aspirin and how is it made?
An ester, made from salicylic acid and ethanoic anhydride/ethanoyl chloride
Why is ethanoid anhydride preferred for aspirin production?
-Cheaper
-Safer (less corrosive so reaction occurs more slowly)
-No HCl fumes
IUPAC Forumla for glycerol
Propane 1,2,3-triol
Carboxylic acid + Metal hydrogencarbonate
Carboxylate salt + H2O + CO2
Carboxylic acid + Metal carbonate
Carboxylate salt + H2O + CO2
Carboxylic acid + Metal Hydroxide
Carboxylate salt + H2O
Acid hydrolysis of Esters product
Acid + Alcohol
Base hydrolysis of Esters product
Carboxylate ion + Alcohol
Conditions for forming esters
RCOOH + ROH in the presence of a strong acid catalyst (usually H2SO4)
What do carboxylic acids generally produce upon reaction with Carbonates (CO3)
CO2 gas
