Innovation and the Public and Private Sector Role Flashcards
Food security impacts:
Health and education
economy
Land use
trade of food, aid, agricultural inputs
policy of all levels
Who is investing in agriculture
Public sector
private sector
P3 (public-private partnership)
In 2011, only _____ of global public and private R&D investments were targeted at agriculture
5%
T/F: Ag R&D investments from the public are decreasing
T
T/F: Rate of private R&D investments are decreasing
F
Top countries that spends the most on public ag research
Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
Why has there been a decoupling of greater food production meaning greater land use?
No longer have to increase in acres to increase in production
How is R&D incentivized?
Protect Intellectual Property Rights through legal (patents, breeder rights, copyright), regulatory (seed act, chemical regulations), non-legal (contracts, environment), and publication
What things can be patented?
Innovations that are novel, useful, and not obvious
Benefits and risks of patents
Benefits - provide incentive of 20yr monopoly use
Risks - trade disclosure for monopoly rights
national application/self-regulating
higher life forms
What are plant breeder rights
provides breeders with rights to new plant varieties
Benefits and risks of plant breeder right’s
Benefits - protect unique varieties for 20 yrs, and 25 yrs for trees and vines
compensation typically through royalties
cost effective
Risks - involve farmers’ privileges and research exemption
What are P3’s
when the public and private actors collaborate on R&D projects in order to reduce innovation risk
Benefits of P3’s
Share risk
collaboration between public (policy) and private (future investors)
Private involvement reduces overall $
Improve quality of research
Examples of P3’s with the college of Ag with companies
CDC (crop development center) and SPG (SK pulse growers)
U of S Global Institute of Food Security (partnership between Nutrien, provincial government, and U of S)
What are P4s?
partnerships between public, private, and producer stakeholders
Factors of the Institutional partnership framework
Hierarchy (state sector), Market (private sector), and Participation (voluntary sector)
Public Sector P3 Participation
Return in investment take a long time because of delays in regulatory approval. However, this can be reduced by participating in a P3
Private sector P3 participation
cost of developing new crop varieties is higher for private firms because they don’t have same level of access to land. P3’s can allow for gained access to germplasm they typically don’t have access to, access to grad students, and benefit from improved public image
Producer organization P3 participation
are able to direct R&D investments directly towards projects that best align with farmers needs
increased investment in smaller acre crops
Example of ag benefits from P3s
Rockefeller Foundation partnered with the government of Mexico to create the International Agriculture program to improve staple crop yields (led by Normal Borlaug)
Example of P3 success in Canada
the Network of Centers of Excellence Program provided long-term, large-scale grants to university teams that had integrated industrial partners that created lots of spin-off companies
Example of P3 Success in Canadian Ag
The Usask Development centre that has released over 500 new varieties
Example of political opposition of a P3 agreement
CropLife international and FAO announced a new P3 agreement to use market mechanisms to improve agri-food systems. Several 100 civil society and environmental organizations protested this agreement
______ help drive global research to improve food security
P3s
