Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunity > Innate Immunity Patho > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Patho Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Physical Barriers of Defense

A

tightly associated epithelial cells to prohibit passage of microorganisms into underlying tissue (skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe Mechanical Barries of Defense

A

normal cell turnover/”washing” of surfaces (skin sloughing off, mucous being excreted)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe some biochemical barriers of defense

A

epithelial-derived chemicals - substances secreted to trap or destroy microorgansisms (mucus, earwax, sweat, saliva, tears, sebaceous glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a normal microbiome

A

colonization of surface where there is a mutualistic relationship and does not normally cause disease (can be disrupted by antibiotics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does normal microbiome contribute to defense against pathogens

A

the microbiome offers innate protection through outcompeting pathogens for nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are first lines of defense?

A

Physical, Mechanical, Biochemical, and Microbiome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are second lines of defenes?

A

non-specific innate immunity - ie inflammation, fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a mast cell?

A

most important cellular activator of the inflammatory response - contains granules that are released or synthesized when activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is mast cell degranulation

A

release of mast cell granules (histamine, chemotactic factors, cytokines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is mast cell synthesis

A

new production and release of of mediators (leukotrienes, prostaglandins, platelet-activating factors) slower acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of histamine

A

1.causes temporary constriction of smooth muscle lading to vasodilation & increased blood flow to area
2. causes increased vascular permeability through retraction fo endothelial cells & increased adherence of leukocytes to endothelium
3.H1 = proinflammatory, augments neutrophil chemotaxis and activates mast cells and neutrophils
4. H2 = antiinflammatory, opposite of H1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the functions of Platelet Activating factor

A

1.endothelial retration –> increased permeability
2.leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells
3. platelet activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the functions of prostaglandins

A
  1. increase vascular permeability
  2. smooth muscle contraction
  3. Works with bradykinin on nociceptors to induce pain
  4. can suppress release of histamine from mast cells and lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils to inhibit inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the functions of leukotrienes

A

*similar to histamine but slower acting and has prolonged effect
1.smooth muscle contraction
2.increased vascular permeability
3.neutrophil/eosinophil chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the function of Chemotactants

A

directs movement of cells along a chemical gradient
1. Neutrophil CF
2. Eosinophil CF of anaphylaxis
3. Leukocyte chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the functions of growth factors

A

help with tissue regeneration and angiogenesis
ex) VEGF (endothelial cell proliferation) and PDGF (connective tissue and smooth muscle proliferation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three plasma protein systems essential to inflammatory response?

A

Complement, Clotting, and Kinen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the Complement System

A
  1. bacteria activate complement cascade
  2. Proteins form a membrane attack complex (MAC) that break off and form a pore in bacterial membranes, leading to cell lysis and death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What three pathways lie within the Complement System?

A

Classical, Alternative, and Lectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the Classical Complement pathway

A

antibodies activate the first complement component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the Alternative Complement pathway

A

bacterial products activate cascade, antibodies not required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the Lectin Complement pathway

A

mannose-binding lectin bind to bacterial polysaccharides containing mannose, activating the cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the Clotting System

A

activated by both intrinsic (within the vessel) or extrinsic (TF, damaged endothelium) pathways, the clotting cascade results in clot formed by fibrin mesh adn platelets to plug damaged vessels, stop bleeding, and trap microorganisms. Leads to leukocyte migration, chemotaxis, and increased vascular permeability

24
Q

Describe the Kinin system

A

initiated by clotting system, factor 12 –>factor 12a -> prekallikrein and results in production of bradykinin, which increases vascular permeability and leukocyte - augments inflammation and leads to pain

25
Q

Describe macrophage activation

A

monocytes –> macrophages; PRRs (including TLRs) expressed on surface recognize pathogens, when bind to PAMP or DAMPs this activates the macrophage, which causes it to release cytocines and chemokines

26
Q

What is a PRR

A

pattern recognition receptor

27
Q

What is a TLR

A

toll-like receptor

28
Q

Define PAMPs and DAMPs

A

pathogen-associated and damage associated molecular patterns

29
Q

what is the function of a chemokine?

A

induce leukocyte chemotaxis

30
Q

what is the function of a cytokine?

A

intercellular signalling to regulate innate and adaptive immunity, can be pro on anti inflammatory

31
Q

what is the function of a TLR

A

recognize fungal, viral and bacterial patterns –> initiates intracellular signlaing to activate macrophages release chemokines and cytokines

32
Q

what are the most important proinflammatory cytokines?

A

TNF, IL, and IFN

33
Q

What is the function of TNF

A

promotes innate immune response to injury or infection, including chemotaxis, adherance of neutrophils, phagocytosis, and cell proliferation

34
Q

What is the function of ILs

A

regulate cell adhesion molecules, attract leukocytes (chemotaxis), proliferation of leukocytes in bone marrow, and enhance or suppress inflamation

35
Q

What is the function of IL-1

A

growth factor, pyrogen (fever inducing) that reacts with hypothalamus

36
Q

what is the function of IL-6

A

induces hepatocytes to produce proteins needed for inflammation and stimulates growth and differentiation of blood cells in bone marrow and growth of fibroblasts required for wound healing

37
Q

What is the function of IFN

A

produced and released by virally infected cells, induce antiviral proteins in neighboring healthy cells, can activate Macrophages

38
Q

define anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

diminish and control inflammatory response, IL-10 and TGF-b

39
Q

define the role of dendritic cells

A

APC, recognized invaders by PRRs adn phagocytose them. Unlike macrophages they migrate through lymphatic vessels

40
Q

What is the vascular response to injury or infection

A

vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, diapedesis (leukocyte adherence to inner vessel walls)

41
Q

What is the cellular response to injury or infection

A

neutrophils & macrophages perform phagocytosis, eosinophils defend against parasites and regulate mediators released by mast cells

phagocytosis: recognition and adherence of phagocyte to target through PRRs, engulfment, fusion with lysosomal granuels, adn destruction of target

42
Q

What are four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

43
Q

What events lead to swelling/edema

A

increased vasodilation and capillary permeability lead to plasma leaking into interstitial space, caused by mast cell degranulation

44
Q

what causes redness/heat?

A

histamines, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins cause smooth muscle to relax leading to vasodilation –> increased blood flow

45
Q

what causes fever?

A

IL-1 and TNF through hypothalamus stimulation

46
Q

what causes function loss due to inflammation?

A

injury, edema, swelling close to joint

47
Q

What causes pain during inflammation

A

edema and badykinins activate nociceptors

48
Q

define acute inflammation

A

resolves in 8-10 days, self-limiting

49
Q

What are three systemic manifestations of inflammation?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Leukocytosis (>leukocytes in blood)
  3. Increase in circulating plasma proteins (increased fibrinogen leads to increased ESR)
50
Q

What are the four stages of a successful inflammatory response

A
  1. initiation
  2. cell recruitment
  3. debris removal
  4. repair and regeneration
51
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages that the body tries to isolate
cause by chronic macrophage-t cell interations

52
Q

what are examples of dysfunctional inflammatory responses

A

1.adhesions (excessive bleeding & fibrin)
2. keloids (raised scar outside boundaries)
3. hypertrophic scar (raised scar within boundaries)
4. contractures

53
Q

What 2 characteristics of the neonatal immune system make them more susceptible to infection?

A

-depressed inflammatory function (neutrophils and monocytes incapable of efficient chemotaxis)
-deficient in collectins

54
Q

what are considerations that must be taken in regards to the aging population and inflammation?

A

-may be on steroids due to chronic illness
-more susceptible to bacterial infections of lungs, urinary tract, and skin
-cellular components of innate response deficient (macrophage) or have diminished activity (chemotaxis, phagocytosis)

55
Q
A

Immunity (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions