Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunity > Adaptive Immunity Patho > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Patho Flashcards

1
Q

What is the third line of defense

A

Adaptive/acquired Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are inducible responders?

A

lymphocytes and serum proteins
do not preexist in large numbers, are produced in response to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is clonal diversity

A

lymphoid cells differentiate into specialized immunocompetant cells (specialized T/B cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how is clonal diversity generated?

A

lymphiod cells begin in bone marrow, migrate to primary/central lymphoid organs where they become immunocompetent (develop antigen specific receptors)

cells in thymus turn into T-cells, cells in bone marrow turn into B-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are naive immunocompetent cells? where are they found?

A

immunocompetent cells can respond to antigens but are naive if have not encountered antigen - migrate to lymph nodes & spleen or enter circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is clonal selection?

A

when lymphocyte is presented antigen from APC, immunocompetent B&T cells differentiate and proliferate into specialized effetor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can T cells differentiate into during clonal selection?

A

T helper cells, T-regulatory cells, T cyctotoxic cells, memory T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do T helper cells do?

A

activate and regulate immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do T regulatory cells do?

A

suppress inappropriate immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do B and T memory cells do?

A

long lived cells (decades - lifetime) that can be quickly activated in event of second infection - speed up immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

antibodies circulating in blood defend against extracellular antigens (microbes, toxins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is cellular/cell-mediated immunity?

A

T-cyctotoxic cells defend against intracelluar pathogens (viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the role of antigens?

A

small molecules found on the surface of microbes or infected cells, serve as target for antibodies and antigen receptors on B&T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the roles of APCs

A

process antigens and present them on cell surface via MHC to T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three APCs

A

macrophages, b-cells, dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the most common circulating Ig?

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which Ig is found in blood and bodily secretions?

A

IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which Ig is found in blood and bodily secretions?

A

IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the largest Ig

A

IgM - first produced in primary respnonse and part of BCR complex on B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the Ig responsible for allergic reactions & defense against parasites

A

IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what Ig is part of the BCR receptor on B cells

A

IgD and IgM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which Igs are found in low concentrations?

A

IgE and IgD

23
Q

what are the functions if Igs?

A

NAP - neutralize, agglutinizing, precipitating

24
Q

what do Th1 cells do?

A

cellular immunity

25
Q

what do Th2 cells do?

A

humoral immunity

26
Q

what do Th17 cells do?

A

inflammation

27
Q

what do T regulatory cells (Treg) do

A

suppress immune response

28
Q

what is the humoral immune response

A

production of antibodies

29
Q

what is the cell mediated response

A

T cytotoxic cells

30
Q

what is the structure of an antibody

A

two identical heavy and two identical light chains held together by noncovalent bonds. Has 2 Fab fragments with with antigen binding site called paratope and an Fc fragment that interacts non-specifically with inflammation mediators and B cells

31
Q

what are T cyctotoxic cells

A

T cells activated when T cell receptors (TCRs) detect foreign intracellular antigens presented on MHC-1 molecules. They attack cells and destroy them directly

32
Q

what is the primary humoral response

A

Upon exposure to antigen, B-cells begin to differentiate over a lag period of 5-7 days into plasma cells and B memory cells. Then a IgM response will occur followed by an IgG response of equal or less amount (created by plasma cells)

33
Q

what is the secondary humoral immune response

A

upon repeated exposure to antigen, B memory cells rapidly differentiate into plamsa cells creating a large IgG reponse and IgM response similar in magnitude to primary response.

34
Q

describe clinical use of antibodies

A

vaccines (both active and passive)

35
Q

what is the difference between MHC-1 and MHC-2 molecules

A

MHC-1 (endogenous antigens) is expressed by all nucleated cells, any change in that cell attributable to infection results in foreign antibodies being presented by MHC-1 and flag cell for destruction.
MHC-2 (exogenous antigens) is expressed only by APCs, coexpressed with MHC-1, activate adaptive immune response (lymphocytes)

36
Q

What is clonal selection

A

differentiation and proliferation of T&B cells into specialized effector cells

37
Q

what is involved with Tc cell clonal selection?

A

TCR & CD8 binds to MHC-antigen complex, activating production of cytokines

38
Q

what is the role of natural killer cells

A

kill cells that do not have MHC-1 molecules

39
Q

what can activate M1 phenotype macrophage

A

Th1, NK, CD8 Tc cells

40
Q

what can activate M2 phenotype macrophage

A

IL-4 & 13, Th2 cells

41
Q

describe active vs passive immunity

A

active - host response to infection, activates adaptive immune response, long lived
passive - does not involve host reponse, short lived,

42
Q

what are differences with fetal/neonatal immune function

A

poorly developed immune response (esp IgG), rely on maternal passive antibodies until about 6 months. Maternal antibodies disappear around 10 months

43
Q

what is different in regards to aging individual’s immune response

A

decreased t cell, specific antibodies, and b memory cells, increased autoantibodies (IgA & IgG esp)

44
Q

what is lupus

A

chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disease characteried by production of large variety of autoantibodies against nucleic acids, erythrocytes, coagulation properties, phospholipids, lymphocytes, platelets and many others

45
Q

what is tolerance in relation to humoral immunity

A

tolerance = state of immunological control to avoid detrimental immune response against own cells/tissues
central tolerance = tolerance in primary lymphoid organs like thyroid and bone marrow
peripheral tolerance = tolerance in secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen

46
Q

what are common symptoms of lupus that can lead to diagnosis

A

-positive antinuclear antibody (ANA)
-malar (butterly) rash on face
-photosensitivity

47
Q

what are pharmacological treatments for lupus

A

NSAIDS, steroids, antimalarial (hydroxychloroquine), immunosuppressive drugs, IV Ig therapy

48
Q

what are non pharmacological treatments for lupus

A

avoid sun exposure, smoking cessation, balanced diet with Vit D & fish oil supplements, avoid saturated fat, avoid live vaccines if on immunosuppressants, avoid stress

49
Q

what is rheumatic arthritis (RA)

A

chronic, systemic autoimmune disease involving many tissue and organs but particularly joints

50
Q

how are joints affected by RA

A

synovial inflammation, joint swelling, ankylosis, destruction of cartilage
inflammatory & immune response leads to leukocyte, macrophage, and neutrophil migration, enzymes released that degrade synovial tissue and cartilage

51
Q

what are the most significant cytokines in RA

A

IFN-gamma, IL-17, TNF, IL-1, RANKL

52
Q

what are risk factors for RA

A

variations in HLA genes
increased age
female
smoking
obesity
low SES

53
Q

what are clinical manifestations of RA

A

-inflammation (fever, fatigue, weakess, anorexia, weight loss, aching, stiffness)
-painful, tender joints - pain early on caused by swelling, later on caused by sclerosis of subchondrial bone and new bone formation, most commony metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and wrist joints
-fever

54
Q

what are 2 complications of RA

A
  1. formation of cysts - can cause fistula
  2. rupture of cyst or synovial joint

both contribute to bone erosion and worse outcomes

Immunity (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions