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Immunology > Innate immunity and cytokines > Flashcards

Innate immunity and cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Name some physical and chemical barriers to microbial invasion

A

1) Skin and mucous membranes - block entry of pathogens and secrete antimicrobial peptides and enzymes
2) defensins - cationic peptides secreted into phagocytic vacuoles that damage bacterial membranes
3) cathelicidins - make bacterial membranes more permeable
4) lysozymes - lachrymal and saliva secretions - also break down bacterial membranes

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2
Q

3 cells involved in early detection

A

macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

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3
Q

How do NK cells detect pathogen?

A

They detect host cells with depressed levels of MHC I

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4
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Controlled passage of cells and plasma from the blood into a traumatized area

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5
Q

What are three chemical initiators of inflammation?

A

IL-1, TNF-a, and complement activated by the alternate pathway

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6
Q

Name some adhesion molecules induced by inflammation initiating cytokines.

A

1) integrins - on leukocytes
2) selectins - on endothelial cells
3) others on epithelial cells

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7
Q

Binding of neutrophils

A

neutrophil integrins bind endothelial selectins and enter through diapedesis

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8
Q

Two chemokines that recruit phagocytes

A

IL-8, MCP

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9
Q

Order of phagocyte recruitment

A

1) neutrophils
2) monocytes
3) macrophages
4) lymphocytes

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10
Q

Actors involved in phagocytic elimination

A

IL-8 induced phagocytes, MIP, IFN-gamma

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11
Q

chemicals that destroy pathogens in phagocytic elimination

A

lysosomal enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, O2 anion

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12
Q

2 phases of damage repair after excessive inflammation

A

1) IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-b down regulate initial cytokines
2) Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and TGF-b induce increased proliferation and activation of fibroblasts and production of extracellular matrix

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13
Q

2 subcategories of chemokines and examples

A

1) C-X-C (alpha) chemokines - have one amino acid between first two cysteines - include IL-8, platelet factor 4, IFN-gamma
2) C-C (beta) chemokines - have two adjacent cysteine residues

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14
Q

How do chemokines function?

A

Transmit signals via seven transmembrane, rhodopsin-like, receptors which activate and attract leukocytes to tissue damage

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15
Q

How do cytokines function?

A

Locally, in a paracrine or autocrine manner, by binding to high affinity receptors

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16
Q

IL-1 (a, b) - cell source and action

A

Cell source: macrophages, endothelial cells, dendritic cells, Langerans’ cells

Action:

  • Stimulates IL-2 receptor emergence in T cells
  • Enhances B cell activation
  • Induces fever, acute phase reactants and IL-6
  • Increases non-specific resistance
  • Inhibited by IL-1 receptor antagonist
17
Q

IL-2 - cell source and action

A 
Cell source: TH1 cells
Action:
- T-cell growth factor
- Activates NK and B cells
- discovered by Kendal Smith at Dartmouth
18
Q

IL-3 - cell source and action

A

cell source: T cells

action:
- stimulates hematopoiesis

19
Q

IL-4 - cell source and action

A 
cell source: T cells
action:
- MOST IMPORTANT: induction of Th1 cells
- stimulates IgE production
- down regulates IFN-gamma
20
Q

IL-5 - cell source and action

A 
cell source: T cells
action:
- growth and diff. of eosinophils
- B-cell growth factor
- enhances IgA production
21
Q

IL-6 - cell source and action

A

cell source: monocytes, T cells, endothelial cells
action:
- induces acute phase reactants, fever, and late B-cell diff.

22
Q

IL-7 - cell source and action

A

cell source: bone marrow
action:
- stimulates pre-B and pre-T cells

23
Q

IL-8 - cell source and action

A

cell source: monocytes, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts
action:
- chemotaxis of neutrophils and T cells

24
Q

IL-9 - cell source and action

A

cell source: TH cells
action:
- T cell mitogen

25
Q

IL-10 - cell source and action

A

cell source: TH2 cells
action:
- inhibits IFN-gamma synthesis
- suppresses cytokine synthesis in general

26
Q

IL-11 - cell source and action

A

cell source: bone marrow
action:
- stimulates hematopoiesis
- enhances acute phase protein synth

27
Q

IL-12 - cell source and action

A 
cell source: macrophages, B cells
action:
- MOST IMPORTANT: TH1 differentiation
- IFN-gamma synth
- NK and CD8 T cell cytolysis
- synergizes with IL-2
28
Q

IL-13 - cell source and action

A

cell source: TH2
action:
- inhibits inflammatory cytokines IL-1, 6, 8, and 10
- inhibits MCP

29
Q

IL-15 - cell source and action

A

cell source: T cells
action:
- T cell mitogen
- growth of intestinal epithelium

30
Q

IL-16 - cell source and action

A 
cell source: CD8 T cells, eosinophils
action:
- increases MHC II
- increases chemotaxis
- increases CD4 T cell cytokines
- decreases antigen induced proliferation
31
Q

IL-17 - cell source and action

A

cell source: T cells
action:
- increases inflammatory response

32
Q

IL-18 - cell source and action

A

cell source: activated macrophages
action:
- increases IFN-gamma action
- increases NK cell action

33
Q

(tumor necrosis factor-alpha) TNF-a - cell source and action

A

cell source: macrophages, Tc and B cells, large granular lymphocytes
action:
- IMPORTANT: used by Tc cells to apoptose target cells
- cytotoxic to tumors
- causes cachexia
- mediates bacterial shock

34
Q

(tumor necrosis factor-beta) TNF-b - cell source and action

A

cell source: T cells
action:
- cytotoxic for tumors

35
Q

(transforming growth factor-beta) TGF-b - cell source and action

A

cell source: almost all normal cell types
action:
- inhibits proliferation of T and B cells
- reduces cytokine receptors
- chemotactic agent for leukocytes
- mediates inflammation and tissue repair
- switching B cells to IgA synth.
- wound healing, inhibits IL-2 effects

36
Q

What is the main function of Th17 cells?

A

recruitment of neutrophils

37
Q

IFN-gamma

A

secreted by Tc cells to apoptose target cells

Immunology (13 decks)

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