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Immunology-Week 1 > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 barriers to Entry?

A
  1. Physical Barriers
    - skin
  2. Chemical Agents
    - bodily secretions (hydrolytic enzymes)
  3. Physical Actions
    - Mucus in GI/respiratory tract
    - Frequent urination
  4. Microbiological Barriers
    - Normal Microflora
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2
Q

The subgroup of WBCs characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules

A

Granulocytes

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3
Q

Where are granulocytes produced?

A

Bone Marrow

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4
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

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5
Q

What is another name for granulocytes?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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6
Q

what is neutropenia?

A

low number of neutrophils

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7
Q

what is neutrophillia?

A

High number of neutrophils

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8
Q

What is phagolysosomes?

A

Lysosomes in phagocytic cells that secret hydrolytic enzymes that can kill microbe.

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9
Q

When are monocytes known as macrophages?

A

When monocytes migrate into tissues.

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10
Q

Macrophage Functions

A
  • Phagocytic
  • Has Phagolysosomes
  • professional cell-presenting
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11
Q

Functions of Dendritic Cells

A

To activate T cells by presenting antigens to them

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12
Q

Where are dendritic cells usually found?

A

skin and mucosal membranes

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13
Q

How do dendritic cells pic up antigens?

A

Endocytosis

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14
Q

Follicular Dendritic Cells

A

Special stromal cells in lymph nodes and spleen that trap antigen and present it to B-cells.

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15
Q

Describe Natural Killer Cells

A
  • Arise from bone marrow
  • contain granules (granzyme & perforin)
  • contain cell surface receptors for IgG
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16
Q

NK Cell Functions

A

Destroy pathogen-infected and malignant (tumor) cells.

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17
Q

What is PRR?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors

  • Proteins that recognize and interact with components specific to microbes.
  • Two Types:
    1. Secreting & Circulating
    2. Transmembrane or Intracellular
18
Q

What is PAMPs?

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

  • microbial molecules that stimulate innate immunity.
19
Q

Examples of PAMPs

A
  1. LPS (endotoxin)
  2. Terminal mannose on bacterial glycoproteins (peptidoglycan cell wall)
  3. Viral dsRNA
  4. Unmethylated DNA (CG-rich)
20
Q

What is TLR?

A

A type of PRR that are located on the cell surface or in endosomes.

21
Q

TLRs Located on Cell Surface

A

TLR-1, 2, 4, 5, 6

22
Q

TLRs Located in Endosomes

A

TLR-3, 7, 8, 9

23
Q

TLR-2 Function

A

Recognizes bacterial and parasitic glycolipids and peptidoglycans

24
Q

TLR-3, 7, 8 Function

A

Specific for viral ssRNAs and dsRNAs

25
Q

TLR-4

A

Specific for bacterial LPS (endotoxin)

26
Q

TLR-5

A

Specific for bacterial flagellar protein called flagellin

27
Q

TLR-9

A

Recognizes unmethylated CpG DNA in microbes

28
Q

What are primary reactions of innate immunity?

A
  1. acute inflammation

2. antiviral dense

29
Q

What are characteristics of Acute Inflammation?

A

Activation of leukocytes and plasma proteins at injury/infection site

30
Q

The Interferon System

A

A type of cytokines that defend against intracellular viruses.

31
Q

Type I interferons

A

IFN-a and IFN-b

known as “warning proteins”

32
Q

Type II interferons

A

IFN-y

33
Q

What is APR?

A

Acute Phase Reactants

  • Plama proteins that accompany inflammation and injury.
  • Its plasma concentration increases or decreases by at least 25% during inflammatory response.
34
Q

IL-6

A

The chief stimulator of APRs.

35
Q

What is CRP?

A

C-reactive Protein

  • A type of APR that promotes the recognition and elimination of pathogens and enhance the clearance of necrotic/apoptotic cells.
  • Activates the complement system
  • Activation of monocytes to make cytokines.
36
Q

What is SAA?

A

Serum Amyloid A

  • A type of APR that influence cholesterol metabolism during inflammatory response.
37
Q

Pro-Inflammatory Roles of The Complement

A
  • Chemotaxis
  • Plasma Protein Exudation
  • Opsonization
38
Q

Haptoglobin

A

Antioxidant that protect against reactive oxygen species by removing free hemoglobin (has iron).

39
Q

Hemopexin

A

Antioxidant that protect against reactive oxygen species by removing free heme (has iron)

40
Q

Hepcidin

A

Decrease serum iron by reducing intestinal iron absorption and impairing macrophages from releasing iron.

41
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Helps with Wound Healing by promoting endothelial cell proliferation.

Immunology-Week 1 (6 decks)

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