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Immunology-Week 1 > Blood & Bone Marrow Histology > Flashcards

Blood & Bone Marrow Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Components of Blood

A
  1. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
  2. Leukocytes (WBCs)
  3. Platelets
  4. Plasma
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2
Q

What leukocytes are agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

  • Contain only azurophilic granules
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3
Q

What is the size of an erythrocyte?

A

Roughly 6-8 um

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4
Q

Describe an erythrocyte

A

A round, anucleate, biconcave cell with no organelles but filled with hemoglobin that carry oxygen.

  • It has a life span of 120 days.
  • It’s cell membrane has determinants for the blood type.
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5
Q

What are cytoskeletal proteins of RBCs that help maintain the shape?

A
  • ankyrin
  • band 4.1
  • 3 band proteins (spectrin & actin)
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6
Q

Hematocrit

A

Number of RBCs per unit volume of blood.

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7
Q

What suggests lead poisoning?

A

Basophilic stippling (aggregates of rRNA) of RBCs

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8
Q

What leukocytes are granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

  • Contain both azurophilic granules and specific granules
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9
Q

Azurophilic Granules

A

Lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes.

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10
Q

Specific Granules

A

Granules filled with specific type enzymes such as lysozymes, alkaline phosphate, collagenase, and lactoferrin.

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11
Q

Two Mechanisms of Neutrophilic Phagocytosis

A
  1. Merging of azurophilic granules and into phagosomes.
  2. Respiratory Burst through reactive O2 compounds.
    * Neutrophils use C3b and Fc receptors to form phagosomes.
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12
Q

Describe Eosinophils

A

A granulocyte with a bi-lobed nucleus that moderate inflammatory reactions and helminthic infections by inactivating histamine and leukotriene C

  • Has Large red specific granules with no lysozyme
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13
Q

Describe Basophils

A

A granulocyte with large blue specific granules (histamine and heparin) that mediate inflammatory responses of allergic reactions in a manner similar to mast cells.

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14
Q

What are two types of lymphocytes and what are their functions?

A
  1. T-Cells: generate cell-mediated immune response; secrete growth factors.
  • cannot further differentiate like b-cells
  • Mature in Thymus
  1. B-Cells: generate humoral immune response.
  • become plasma cells
  • Mature in Bone Marrow (Bursa of Fabricius)
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15
Q

Describe Monocytes

A

Largest leukocytes that become macrophages in CT.

  • Has a kidney-shape nucleus.
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16
Q

Describe Diapedisis

A

The process in which leukocytes leave the bloodstream to the tissues by breaking intercellular junctions.

  • It is uni-directional except for lymphocytes.
17
Q

Describe Platelets

A

It is anucleated disk-shaped fragments from megakaryocytes in bone marrow.

  • Composed of Hyalomere (clear region) & Granulomere (purples granules region with factors for clot formation).
18
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

19
Q

Two Types of Bone Marrow

A
  1. Yellow BM

2. Red BM

20
Q

Describe Yellow BM

A
  • Located in the long bones.

- It is fatty (why yellow) and not hemopoietic.

21
Q

Describe Red BM

A
  • Located in the epiphyses (end) of long, flat, irregular, and short bones.
  • It is highly vascular with large sinusoids (large capillaries).
  • Site of Hemopoiesis and contains megakaryocytes.
22
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

aka. Hematopoiesis

Formation of blood cellular components.

23
Q

Stages of Prenatal Hemopoiesis

A

Yolk Sac –> Liver –> Spleen –> Bone Marrow

24
Q

Three Classes of Postnatal Hemopoiesis

A
  • Hemopoiesis now only occurs in the bone marrow after birth.

stem cells –> progenitor cells –> precursor cells

25
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

The formation of RBCs.

26
Q

The Stages of Erythropoiesis

A
  1. Proerythroblast
  2. Basophilic Erythroblast
  3. Polychromatophilic Erythroblast
  4. Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast
  5. Reticulocyte
  6. Mature RBC
27
Q

What is Granulopoiesis

A

The formation of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils).

28
Q

The Stages of Granulopoiesis

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Neutrophilic Myelocyte
  4. Neutrophilic Metamyelocyte
  5. Neutrophilic Stab Cell
29
Q

What is Agranulocyte Formation?

A

The formation of monocytes and lymphocytes.

30
Q

The Stages of Monocyte Formation

A
  1. Monoblasts
  2. Promonocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Macrophages (Tissues)
31
Q

The Stages of Lymphocyte Formation

A
  1. Lymphoid Stem Cell
  2. Immunoincompetent Stem Cell
  3. B Cells or T Cells
32
Q

The Stages of Platelet Formation

A
  1. Megakaryoblast
  2. Megakaryocyte
  3. Platelets

Immunology-Week 1 (6 decks)

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