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Immunology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Which immunity is the first line defene against infection?

A

Innate immunity

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2
Q

Name an obvious component of innate immune system

A

Skin

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3
Q

Cells of innate immunity

A
  • Antigen presenting cells (APCs), e.g. Dendritic cells, Macrophages
  • Macrophages, Monocytes (Monocyte in blood matures in macrophage in tissues)
  • Mast cells
  • Granulocytes:
    • Neutrophils
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
  • Complement proteins
  • NK cells (Natural killer cells)

​So, most cells are from myeloid lineages (except NK cells and complement proteins)

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4
Q

Cells that represent professional APCs

A
  • Dendritic cells
  • Macrophages
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5
Q

Life course of macrophages

A

They originate from bone-marrow as ‘monocytes’ >>> remains in ‘blood and lymph’ as ‘monocytes’ >>> when exits lymphatic circulation and enters into tissues >>> differentiates into macrophages >>> so, in tissues, they remain as ‘macrophages

In short, monocytes (marrow, blood, lymph) >>> macrophages (tissue)

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6
Q

What are the phagocytes? & where are they located?

A

Typically a resident macrophage

Phagocytic cells are located at the sites of invasion

(In acute inflammation, neutrophils are primary phagocytic cells)

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7
Q

How do the phagocytes recognise infection or pathogen?

A

Uses >>> pattern-recognition receptors (e.g. toll-like receptors)

AND

Identifies >>> antigenic motifs >>> referred to as >>> PAMPs (Pathogen-associated molecular patterns)

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8
Q

After recognition of pathogen by phagocytes >>>>> Next series of steps?

A
  • Complement activation >>> to kill invading pathogen by MAC
  • Chemokine release >>> to incease expression of adhesion molecule
  • Cytokine release >>> to recruit adaptive immune cells
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9
Q

What can happen after phagocytosis of a pathogen?

A

After phagocytosis of a pathogen >>> APC (Antigen presenting cells) can then express the pathogenic peptides on their cell surface >>> adaptive immune cells recognise the peptides

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10
Q

Which are the principal cells to engulf bacteria?

A

Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

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11
Q

What is the primary phagocytic cell in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil

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12
Q

Neutrophil: properties

A
  • The most common type of white blood cell
  • It has multi-lobed nucleus - increases with age
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13
Q

Neutrophil: granules

A

Neutrophil contains >>>

MPO (Myeloperoxidase)

Lysozyme

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14
Q

Function of Neutrophils (PMNs) in innate immunity?

A
  • Primary phagocytic cell in acute inflammation
  • They engulf and then directly kill invading microorganisms
  • Particularly active against bacteria
  • Releases cytotoxic chemicals from granules
  • Life span: minutes to days
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15
Q

How do Neutrophils (PMNs) kill invading microorganisms?

A

They produce intracellular reactive oxygen species (using NADPH reductase) & lysozymes

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16
Q

Eosinophils- are a type of?

A

Granulocytes (Granular cells)

17
Q

Role of eosinophils

A
  • Important in ‘allergy’
  • defence against ‘parasitic infection’ > protozoal and helminthic infections
18
Q

Basophil: Granules

A

Granules contain histamin and heparin

19
Q

Basophil: Functions

A
  • During allergic response >>> releases histamine
  • Expressess IgE receptor on the cell surface
20
Q

An important cause of Basophilia

A

CML (Chronic myeloid leukaemia)

It is unlikely to ever encounter an isolated basophilia outside the setting of a leukaemic process

21
Q

Mast cell: Granules

A

Granules contain histamin and heparin

22
Q

Mast cell: Functions

A

Similar to Basophil >>>

  • During allergic response >>> releases histamine
  • Expressess IgE receptor on the cell surface

​But thery are derived from different cell lines from Basophil

23
Q

Monocyte: Functions

A
  • It differentiates into macrophage
24
Q

Macrophage: functions

A
  • Involved in phagocytosis of cellular debris and pathogens
  • Acts as an antigen presenting cell (APC)
  • Major source of IL-1
25
Q

What is ‘foam cells’?

A

Fat-laden macrophages

26
Q

Dendritic cell: Functions

A

Act as APC (Antigen presenting cell)

27
Q

Type of WBC that are NOT part of innate immunity

A

Lymphocytes (B cells & T cells) >>> they are the cells of adaptive immunity

Regulatory lymphocytes & other lymphocytes >>> they are the cells of adaptive immunity

(Except, NK lymphocytes >> they are part of both innate & adaptive)

28
Q

Which cell of innate immunity does share features in common with adaptive immunity?

A

NK cells (Natural Killer Cells)

29
Q

What is NK cells?

A

Natural Killer cells

A type of lymphocytes (lymphoid lineage cells)

30
Q

Role of NK cells (Natural Killer cells)

A
  • They are able to recognise virally infected cells >>> induce apoptosis
  • They also play a role in tumour surveillance >>> induce apoptosis
31
Q

Granulocytes >> names

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
32
Q

Agranulocytes >> names

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
33
Q

Nucleus of

Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte

A
  • Neutrophil >>> multi-lobed (3-5 segments)
  • Eosinophil >>> Bi-lobed
  • Basophil >>> Bi-lobed
  • Monocyte >>> Kidney-shaped
  • Lymphocyte >>> dense large (no lobe)

Immunology (16 decks)

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