Cytokines and Chemokines Flashcards
1
Q
Cytokines and Chemokines
A
Signalling proteins
2
Q
Functions of cytokines and chemokines
A
- They enable cross-talk between the components of immune system
- They drive immune cellular movement and action
3
Q
Clinically relevant cytokines and chemokines
A
- IL-1 (Interleukin-1)
- IL-2
- IL-6
- IL-10
- IL-17
- TNF (Tumour necrosis factor)
- IFN (interferon)
4
Q
IL-1: secreted by- ?
TNF is released by- ?
A
5
Q
Co-stimulator(s) of T cell roliferation
A
6
Q
Co-stimulator of B cell proliferation
A
7
Q
IL-1: Functions on endothelium
A
8
Q
IL-1: Functions on endothelium
A
9
Q
IL-1: increases endothelial release of - ?
A
10
Q
IL-1: Effect on vessels ?
A
11
Q
IL-1: How does it cause vasodialation or increase vascular permeability ?
A
12
Q
IL-1: Role in sepsis ?
A
13
Q
3 Cytokines that act on hypothalamus to cause pyrexia
A
14
Q
IL-1: Clinical significance
A
- Upregulated in many ‘autoinflammatory disease’, e.g. Periodic fever syndromes
- It can be blocked by ‘Anakinra’
- Anakinra is an effective treatment for periodic fever syndrome
15
Q
IL-2: Functions
A
Drives T cell proliferation
16
Q
IL-2: Clinical significance
A
- Upregulated in ‘T-cell driven diseases’, e.g. Transplant rejection
- It can be supressed by calcinurin inhibitors (ciclosporin and tacrolimus)
- Ciclosporin and Tacrolimus (Calcinurin inhibitors) are effective treatment of transplant rejection
17
Q
IL-6: Function
A
- Pro-inflammatory cytokine
- Key driver in acute phase response (especially CRP production)
18
Q
IL-6: Clinical significance
A
- Upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) & other acute phase responses
- It is inhibited by tocilizumab
- Tocilizumab is an effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
19
Q
CRP monitoring in a patient who is on ‘tocilizumab’ treatment
A
Patients are unable to mount a CRP response (even during infection)
Normal CRP would not be reassuring in this setting
20
Q
IL-10: Function
A
- Anti-inflammatory cytokine
- Downregulates other cytokine production
- Supressed HLA class II expression
21
Q
IL-10: Clinical significance
A
- NOT much really clinically significant
- BUT one of the few “truly anti-inflammatory cytokines”
22
Q
IL-17: Function
A
- Stimulates production of Th17 cells
23
Q
IL-17: Clinical significance
A
Not yet
But as Th17 is a very recent discovery >>> manipulation of this pathway is likely to become very important in the coming years
24
Q
TNF: Function
A
- Pro-inflammatory cytokine
- Recruits T cells
- Central to granuloma formation
25
**TNF: Source**
**Produced by "macrophages" \>\>\> to recruit T Cells**
26
**TNF: Clinical significance**
* **Upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis**
* **It is inhibited by 'Adalimumab'**
* **Adalimumab is a mainstay therapy in rheumatoid arthritis**
27
**Side-effect of 'Adalimumab'**
**Reactivation of granulomatous disease**
28
**IFN: Function**
* **Pro-inflammatory cytokine**
* Important in response to **"viral infection"**
29
**IFN: Clinical significance**
* **Use as a treatment of \>\>**
* **Chronic viral infection (hepatitis C)**
* **Multiple sclerosis (MS)**
30
**Side-effects of IFN (Interferon)**
**Flu-like symptoms**
31
**Which cytokines do they inhibit?**
* **Anakinra-?**
* **Ciclosporin (Calcinurin inhibitor)-?**
* **Tacrolimus (Calcinurin inhibitor)-?**
* **Tocilizumab-?**
* **Adalimumab-?**
* **Anakinra \>\> IL-1**
* **Ciclosporin (Calcinurin inhibitor) \>\> IL-2**
* **Tacrolimus (Calcinurin inhibitor) \>\> IL-2**
* **Tocilizumab \>\> IL-6**
* **Adalimumab \>\> TNF**
32
**Which diseases do they treat?**
* **Anakinra-?**
* **Ciclosporin (Calcinurin inhibitor)-?**
* **Tacrolimus (Calcinurin inhibitor)-?**
* **Tocilizumab-?**
* **Adalimumab-?**
* **IFN-?**
* Anakinra \>\>\> Periodic fever syndrome
* Ciclosporin (Calcinurin inhibitor) \>\>\> Transplant rejection
* Tacrolimus (Calcinurin inhibitor) \>\>\> Transplant rejection
* Tocilizumab \>\>\> Rheumatoid arthritis
* Adalimumab \>\>\> Rheumatoid arthritis
* IFN \>\>\> Chronic infection (hepatitisC), Multiple sclerosis
33
**Important side effects of the following \>\>\>**
* **Tocilizumab-?**
* **Adalimumab-?**
* **IFN-?**
* **Tocilizumab \>\>\> unable to mount a CRP response**
* **Adalimumab \>\>\> reactivation of TB & other granulomatous diseases**
* **IFN \>\>\> Flu-like symptoms**
34
**Important pro-inflammatory cytokines**
* **IL-1**
* **IL-6**
* **TNF**
* **IFN**
35
**Name an important truly anti-inflammatory cytokine**
**IL-10**
36
**Which cytokine does downregulate other cytokine production?**
**IL-10**
37
**Which cytokine does supress HLA class II expression?**
**IL-10**
38
**Which cytokine has an important response to viral infection?**
**IFN (interferon)**
39
**Which cytokine is central to granuloma formation?**
**TNF (Tumour necrosis factor)**
40
**Which cytokine is a key driver of acute-phase response or mainly CRP production?**
**IL-6**
41
**Which cytokine does drive T-cell profileration?**
**Many of them**
**IL-2 mainly drives T-cell proliferation**
42
**Which cytokine does stimulate production of T17 cells?**
**IL-17**
43
Subsets of T-helper cells
44
T cell type that is involved in 'cell mediated immune response' and 'delayed type IV hypersensitivity'
45
Th1 secrets - ?
46
T cell type that is involved in 'humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity'
47
T-cell type that is involved in type-1 hypersensitivity reaction
48
Th 2 cell secrets - ?
49
Subset of T-helper cells - that is related to IgE production
