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Invaders & Defenders > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what are the resident cells that first respond to microbes that have breached the mucosal barrier?

A

macrophages

mast cells

dendritic cells

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2
Q

describe macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells

A

macrophages: engulf and destroy pathogens, clear dead tissue, produce cytokines

mast cells: ellicit immune response by secreting histamine, cytokines, and prostaglandins, and kill bacteria or inactivate microbial toxins using enzymes

dendritic cells: produce many kinds of cytokines that initiate inflammation and stimulate adaptive immunity by displaying antigens to lymphocytes

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3
Q

Gram (+) bacteria PAMPs

A

Nucleic acids: CpG moieties on DNA.

Proteins: pillin, flagellin

Cell wall lipids: lipoteichoic acid

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4
Q

Gram (-) bacteria PAMPs

A

Cell wall lipids: LPS

Bacterial capsule polysaccharides

Proteins: pillin, flagellin

Nucleic acids: CpG moieties on DNA.

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5
Q

Virus PAMPs

A

Nucleic acids: ssRNA, dsRNA, CpG moieties on DNA.

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6
Q

Fungi PAMPs

A

carbohydrate residues: mannam, glucans

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7
Q

DAMPs

A

damage associated molecular proteins

urate crystals, specific alarmins, heat-shock proteins

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8
Q

Toll-like receptor (TLR)

A

receptors on cell surfaces, recognize extrcellular microbial PAMPs

receptors also on endosome membrane and recognize nucleic acids released after microbes are digested

signal transcriptions factors for genes encoding immune response molecules

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9
Q

TLR 1

A

cell surface

bacterial lipopeptides

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10
Q

TLR 2

A

cell surface

bacterial lipopeptides and peptidoglycan

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11
Q

TLR 4

A

cell surface

LPS

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12
Q

TLR 5

A

cell surface

bacterial flagellin

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13
Q

TLR 6

A

cell surface

bacterial lipopeptides

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14
Q

TLR 3

A

endosome cell membrane

dsRNA

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15
Q

TLR 7

A

endosome cell membrane

ssRNA

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16
Q

TLR 8

A

endosome cell membrane

ssRNA

17
Q

TLR 9

A

endosome cell membrane

CpG DNA

18
Q

NF-kB

A

nuclear factor kB

transcription factor activated by TLRs

promote expression of chemical mediators of inflammation

19
Q

NOD-like receptors

A

cytosolic receptors that sense PAMPs and DAMPs and stimulate immune response

20
Q

NOD 1 and NOD 2

A

contain N-terminal CARD (capsase related domain)

sense bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans

activate NF-kB transcription factor

21
Q

NLRP 3

A

sense many different microbial and pathologic changes in the cytosol

promotes production of cytokine IL-1B, forms inflammasome with capsase-1

22
Q

RIG-like receptors

A

recognize RNA produced by viruses in the cytosol and activate signalling pathways that lead to production of type I interferons

23
Q

lectin receptors

A

recognize carbohydrates - fungal glycans, mannose residues on fungi and bacteria

24
Q

defensins and cathelicidins

A

peptide antibiotics produced by epithelial cells

25
Q

INF-y

A

natural killer cell derived interferon-y

activates macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes

26
Q

classical macrophage activation

A

induced by innate immune signals - TLRs, and by IFN-y

involved in destroying microbes and stimulating inflammation

27
Q

alternative macrophage activation

A

induced by IL-4 and IL-13

involved in tissue repair and stopping inflammation

28
Q

innate lymphoid cells

A

lypmhocyte-like cells that do not have t cell antigen receptors, but produce cytokines and act like T lymphocytes

29
Q

natural killer cells

A

sense infected and stressed cells and kill them via their granule proteins, which induce apoptosis in the infected cell

also secrete IFN-y, which activates macrophages to kill the associated microbes

30
Q

how are healthy cells protected from detrustion by NK cells?

A

they have inhibitory receptors (MHC molecules) on their cell surface in addition to the activating receptors

31
Q

which cells are the first-line innate response to viral infection?

A

natural killer cells: respond 5-7 days after intial exposure

32
Q

how do NK cells get rid of the viral reservoir?

A

directly by releasing enzymes that induce apoptosis

or indirectly by producing IL12 - activating more NK cells, and IFN-y to activate macrophages and inhibit viral replication

33
Q

what happens to recruited immune cells after immune response?

A

macrophages phagocytoes dead cells or they become pus if large numbers f cells were recruited

Invaders & Defenders (9 decks)

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