Innate immunity

Question 1

type of immunity present before any exposure to pathogens

Answer 1

innate immunity

Question 2

immunity that develops only in vertebrates, following exposure to pathogens

Answer 2

adaptive or acquired immunity

Question 3

3 forms of innate immunity present in invertebrates

Answer 3

1. exoskeleton (only in some invertebrates
2. lysozymes
3. hemocytes

Question 4

enzymes that break down bacterial cell walls

Answer 4

lysozymes

Question 5

phagocytic cells in invertebrate immunity

Answer 5

hemocytes

Question 6

5 types of barrier defenses in vertebrates

Answer 6

1. skin and mucus
2. saliva and tears
3. cilia
4. gastric juice
5. symbiotic bacteria

Question 7

three types of internal defenses of vertebrate innate immune system

Answer 7

1. white blood cells
2. proteins
3. inflammatory response

Question 8

another name for ALL white blood cells

Answer 8

leukocytes

Question 9

four types of phagocytic leukocytes involved in the vertebrate innate immune resonse

Answer 9

1. neutrophils
2. macrophages
3. eosinophils
4. dendritic cells

Question 10

most common type of phagocytic white blood cell in vertebrates

Answer 10

neutrophil

Question 11

powerful phagocytic white blood cells that can leave the circulatory system and enter body tissues or the lymphatic system

Answer 11

macrophages

Question 12

phagocytic white blood cells that discharge destructive enzymes on multicellular invaders

Answer 12

eosinophils

Question 13

phagocytic leukocytes located near body surfaces that stimulate the development of acquired immunity against the invaders they encounter

Answer 13

dendritic cells

Question 14

body system consisting of vessels and nodes; function is to filter the interstitial fluid and trap pathogens

Answer 14

lymphatic system

Question 15

the set of cell surface molecules that allow leukocytes to identify invading cells or damaged self cells

Answer 15

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 16

cytotoxic cells that attack body cells missing their MHC

Answer 16

natural killer (NK) cells

Question 17

protein released by NK cells that creates pores in a target cell’s membrane

Answer 17

perforin

Question 18

enzymes released by NK cells that break down proteins in the target cell

Answer 18

proteases

Question 19

“warning” proteins released by cells that have been infected by viruses to trigger neighboring cells to defend themselves

Answer 19

interferons

Question 20

proteins that attract phagocytes to foreign cells and promote lysis of invading cells

Answer 20

complement system

Question 21

steps the body takes in response to infection, often resulting in pain, heat, redness, swelling

Answer 21

inflammatory response

Question 22

cells that release histamine during the inflammatory response

Answer 22

mast cells

Question 23

chemical that promotes changes in blood vessels during the inflammatory response

Answer 23

histamine

Question 24

a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead microbes and cell debris that accumulates at the site of inflammation

Answer 24

pus

Question 25

chemicals released by macrophages during the inflammatory response that raise the body’s thermoregulatory set point in the hypothalamus

Answer 25

pyrogens

Question 26

a life-threatening condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response

Answer 26

septic shock